feat: add Russian localization and independent STT languages

app/api/chats/[id]/markdown/route.ts

@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@
  * markers are invisible by the engine's law).
  */
 import { sessionMarkdown } from "@/src/core";
-import { getChat } from "@/src/server";
+import { getChat, applicationLanguage } from "@/src/server";
 
 /** Filename-safe title (own module scope on purpose: tiny + pure). */
 function slugify(title: string): string {
 	const slug = title
 		.toLowerCase()
 		.normalize("NFKD")
-		.replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, "-")
+		.replace(/[^\p{L}\p{N}]+/gu, "-")
 		.replace(/^-+|-+$/g, "");
 	return slug.length > 0 ? slug : "session";
 }
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ export async function GET(_req: Request, ctx: { params: Promise<{ id: string }>
 	const { id } = await ctx.params;
 	const record = getChat(id);
 	if (!record) return Response.json({ error: "Unknown chat" }, { status: 404 });
-	const markdown = sessionMarkdown(record.messages, { title: record.title, anchors: false });
+	const markdown = sessionMarkdown(record.messages, { title: record.title, anchors: false, language: applicationLanguage(_req.headers.get("accept-language")) });
 	return new Response(markdown, {
 		headers: {
 			"content-type": "text/markdown; charset=utf-8",
-			"content-disposition": `attachment; filename="${slugify(record.title)}.md"`,
+			"content-disposition": `attachment; filename="${/^[a-z0-9-]+$/.test(slugify(record.title)) ? slugify(record.title) : "session"}.md"; filename*=UTF-8''${encodeURIComponent(slugify(record.title))}.md`,
 		},
 	});
 }

app/api/graph/import/route.ts

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * healthy. The dock's chips + graph refetch track progress live through
  * /api/graph/status, as with session runs.
  */
-import { extraction, NotesImportError } from "@/src/server";
+import { extraction, NotesImportError, applicationLanguage } from "@/src/server";
 import {
 	ModelsNotConfiguredError,
 	PROVIDER_KEY_MISSING_CODE,
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ export async function POST(request: Request) {
 			const { file, requestIndex } = next;
 			try {
 				const text = await file.text();
-				const stats = await extraction.importNotes({ filePath: file.name, text });
+				const stats = await extraction.importNotes({ filePath: file.name, text, language: applicationLanguage(request.headers.get("accept-language")) });
 				results.push({ filePath: file.name, requestIndex, outcome: "completed", ok: true, stats });
 			} catch (err) {
 				if (err instanceof ModelsNotConfiguredError) {

app/globals.css

@@ -598,3 +598,6 @@ body {
 	outline: 1px solid var(--border);
 	border-radius: 0.25rem;
 }
+
+/* Source Sans 3 lacks Cyrillic; Russian prose uses the bundled Noto Sans subset. */
+html[lang="ru"] { --font-sans3: var(--font-russian-prose); }

app/layout.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
+import { headers } from "next/headers";
+import { readSettingsRecord } from "@/src/server";
+import { resolveLanguage, systemLanguage, translate } from "@/src/core";
+import { I18nProvider } from "@/components/i18n";
 import type { Metadata } from "next";
-import { JetBrains_Mono, Source_Sans_3 } from "next/font/google";
+import { JetBrains_Mono, Source_Sans_3, Noto_Sans } from "next/font/google";
 import "katex/dist/katex.min.css";
 import "./globals.css";
 import { AppShell, SidebarProvider } from "@/components/sidebar";
@@ -10,21 +14,29 @@ import UpdateBanner from "@/components/update-banner";
 
 // Chrome = JetBrains Mono, teaching prose = Source Sans 3, titles = CMU
 // Serif (the bundled lh-cmu @font-face in globals.css — no CDN).
-const ui = JetBrains_Mono({ subsets: ["latin"], variable: "--font-jetbrains" });
+const ui = JetBrains_Mono({ subsets: ["latin", "cyrillic"], variable: "--font-jetbrains" });
 const prose = Source_Sans_3({ subsets: ["latin"], variable: "--font-sans3" });
 
-export const metadata: Metadata = {
-	title: "Learning Harness",
-	description: "A teacher agent with a memory — sessions, quizzes, and a knowledge graph of what you know.",
-};
+const russianProse = Noto_Sans({ subsets: ["latin", "cyrillic"], variable: "--font-russian-prose" });
 
-export default function RootLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+export async function generateMetadata(): Promise<Metadata> {
+	const language = resolveLanguage(readSettingsRecord()?.general?.language, (await headers()).get("accept-language"));
+	return {
+	title: "Learning Harness",
+	description: translate(language, "A teacher agent with a memory — sessions, quizzes, and a knowledge graph of what you know."),
+	};
+}
+
+export default async function RootLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+	const general = readSettingsRecord()?.general ?? {};
+	const system = systemLanguage((await headers()).get("accept-language"));
+	const language = resolveLanguage(general.language, system);
 	return (
-		<html lang="en" className={`dark ${ui.variable} ${prose.variable}`}>
+		<html lang={language} className={`dark ${ui.variable} ${prose.variable} ${russianProse.variable}`}>
 			<body className="min-h-dvh antialiased">
 			{/* The notification channel rides OUTSIDE everything: sidebar, dock,
 				 and pages all subscribe as the polls retire (push S3, 2026-10-02). */}
-			<ServerEventsProvider>
+			<I18nProvider initialGeneral={general} system={system}><ServerEventsProvider>
 				<AppearanceProvider>
 					<SidebarProvider>
 						<ActivityProvider>
@@ -35,6 +47,7 @@ export default function RootLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode })
 			</ServerEventsProvider>
 			{/* Auto-update banner (Wave C): fixed card, Electron-only pushes. */}
 			<UpdateBanner />
+		</I18nProvider>
 		</body>
 		</html>
 	);

components/abort-turn-dialog.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useEffect } from "react";
 import { createPortal } from "react-dom";
@@ -60,13 +62,14 @@ export function AbortTurnBody({
 	 * (owner, 2026-10-04): the line says so. */
 	busy?: boolean;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const backdropDismiss = useBackdropDismiss(onClose);
 	const copy = COPY[mode];
 	return (
 		<div
 			role="dialog"
 			aria-modal="true"
-			aria-label={copy.title}
+			aria-label={t(copy.title)}
 			data-testid="abort-turn-dialog"
 			className="fixed inset-0 z-50 flex items-center justify-center bg-background/80 backdrop-blur-sm"
 			// A genuine click on the scrim cancels — the cautious default, like Esc.
@@ -77,11 +80,11 @@ export function AbortTurnBody({
 				onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
 			>
 				<h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-card-foreground" data-testid="abort-turn-title">
-					{copy.title}
+					{t(copy.title)}
 				</h2>
 				<p className="mt-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground" data-testid="abort-turn-line">
-					{copy.line}
-					{busy && mode !== "turn" ? " The working turn stops too." : ""}
+					{t(copy.line)}
+					{busy && mode !== "turn" ? t(" The working turn stops too.") : ""}
 				</p>
 				<div className="mt-4 flex justify-end gap-2">
 					<button
@@ -90,8 +93,7 @@ export function AbortTurnBody({
 						onClick={onClose}
 						className="rounded-sm px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
 					>
-						Cancel
-					</button>
+						{t("Cancel")}</button>
 					<button
 						type="button"
 						data-testid="abort-turn-confirm"
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ export function AbortTurnBody({
 						// Destructive red — the app's established destructive pair.
 						className="rounded-sm border border-destructive/50 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-destructive transition-colors hover:bg-destructive/20"
 					>
-						{copy.action}
+						{t(copy.action)}
 					</button>
 				</div>
 			</div>

components/activity-dock.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 "use client";
+import { translator, type Language } from "@/src/core";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { createContext, useCallback, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { ActivityIcon, BotIcon, FileTextIcon, PenToolIcon, PlayIcon, SearchIcon, SquareIcon, WaypointsIcon } from "lucide-react";
@@ -257,12 +260,13 @@ export function toBlobs(feed: ActivityFeed): ActivityBlob[] {
 }
 
 /** Elapsed as a compact ticking string: 45s / 3m 04s / 1h 12m. */
-export function formatElapsed(ms: number): string {
+export function formatElapsed(ms: number, language: Language = "en"): string {
+	const t = translator(language);
 	const s = Math.max(0, Math.floor(ms / 1000));
-	if (s < 60) return `${s}s`;
+	if (s < 60) return t("{v0}s", { v0: s });
 	const m = Math.floor(s / 60);
-	if (m < 60) return `${m}m ${String(s % 60).padStart(2, "0")}s`;
-	return `${Math.floor(m / 60)}h ${String(m % 60).padStart(2, "0")}m`;
+	if (m < 60) return t("{v0}m {v1}s", { v0: m, v1: String(s % 60).padStart(2, "0") });
+	return t("{v0}h {v1}m", { v0: Math.floor(m / 60), v1: String(m % 60).padStart(2, "0") });
 }
 
 // ─── The section (the sidebar's bottom strip) ─────────────────────────────────
@@ -289,6 +293,7 @@ const KIND_ICON: Record<JobKind, typeof SearchIcon> = {
 type AbortState = "pending" | "failed";
 
 export function ActivitySection({ feed: feedProp }: { feed?: ActivityFeed }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const ctx = useContext(ActivityContext);
 	const feed = feedProp ?? ctx.feed;
 	const refresh = ctx.refresh;
@@ -347,9 +352,8 @@ export function ActivitySection({ feed: feedProp }: { feed?: ActivityFeed }) {
 		<section data-testid="activity-section" className="border-t border-border px-3 pb-3 pt-2">
 			<div className="mb-1 flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/70">
 				<ActivityIcon className="size-3" />
-				Background agents
-				{blobs.length > 0 && (
-					<span className="ml-auto tabular-nums" data-testid="activity-total-cost" title="Total running cost (inferred)">
+				{t("Background agents")}{blobs.length > 0 && (
+					<span className="ml-auto tabular-nums" data-testid="activity-total-cost" title={t("Total running cost (inferred)")}>
 						{planCostLabel(totalCost, subscriptionLabels(blobs.map((blob) => blob.model)))}
 				</span>
 				)}
@@ -389,19 +393,20 @@ function ActivityBlobRow({
 	abortState: AbortState | undefined;
 	onAbort: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const Icon = blob.process === "extraction" ? WaypointsIcon : (blob.jobKind && KIND_ICON[blob.jobKind]) || BotIcon;
 	const label =
 		blob.process === "extraction"
-			? `Extraction — ${blob.phase ?? "running"}`
+			? t("Extraction — {v0}", { v0: t(blob.phase ?? "running") })
 			: blob.jobKind === "research"
-				? "Researcher"
+				? t("Researcher")
 				: blob.jobKind === "demo"
-					? "Demo builder"
+					? t("Demo builder")
 					: blob.jobKind === "visual"
-						? "Figure maker"
+						? t("Figure maker")
 						: blob.jobKind === "pdf"
-							? "PDF reader"
-							: "Sub-agent";
+							? t("PDF reader")
+							: t("Sub-agent");
 	return (
 		<div
 			data-testid={`activity-blob-${blob.process}`}
@@ -417,8 +422,8 @@ function ActivityBlobRow({
 				<span className="min-w-0 flex-1">
 					<span className="block truncate font-medium text-card-foreground">{blob.title}</span>
 					{blob.activity ? (
-						<span className="block truncate text-muted-foreground" title={blob.activity}>
-							{blob.activity}
+						<span className="block truncate text-muted-foreground" title={t(blob.activity)}>
+							{t(blob.activity)}
 						</span>
 					) : (
 						<span className="block truncate text-muted-foreground/80">{label}</span>
@@ -426,7 +431,7 @@ function ActivityBlobRow({
 				</span>
 				<span className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2 tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
 					<span data-testid="activity-blob-cost">{planCostLabel(blob.cost, subscriptionLabel(blob.model))}</span>
-					<span data-testid="activity-blob-elapsed">{formatElapsed(now - blob.startedAt)}</span>
+					<span data-testid="activity-blob-elapsed">{formatElapsed(now - blob.startedAt, language)}</span>
 				</span>
 			</button>
 			{/* The explicit END always on the blob's face (SCOPE) — the popover
@@ -437,8 +442,8 @@ function ActivityBlobRow({
 				data-testid="activity-abort"
 				onClick={onAbort}
 				disabled={abortState !== undefined}
-				title={abortState === "failed" ? "Abort failed — try again" : "End this background process"}
-				aria-label={`End ${label} in ${blob.title}`}
+				title={abortState === "failed" ? t("Abort failed — try again") : t("End this background process")}
+				aria-label={t("End {v0} in {v1}", { v0: label, v1: blob.title })}
 				className="absolute right-1 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 rounded-md p-1 text-muted-foreground/70 transition-colors hover:bg-destructive/10 hover:text-destructive disabled:opacity-50"
 			>
 				<SquareIcon className="size-3" />
@@ -453,47 +458,46 @@ function ActivityBlobRow({
 						<Icon className="size-3.5 text-muted-foreground" />
 						<span className="font-medium">{label}</span>
 						<span className="ml-auto tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
-							{formatElapsed(now - blob.startedAt)}
+							{formatElapsed(now - blob.startedAt, language)}
 						</span>
 					</div>
 					<div className="flex flex-col gap-1 text-muted-foreground">
 						<div className="truncate text-card-foreground" title={blob.title}>
 							{blob.title}
 						</div>
-						{blob.activity && <div className="break-words">{blob.activity}</div>}
+						{blob.activity && <div className="break-words">{t(blob.activity)}</div>}
 						<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-							<span>Cost</span>
+							<span>{t("Cost")}</span>
 							<span className="tabular-nums text-card-foreground">
 								{planCostLabel(blob.cost, subscriptionLabel(blob.model))}
 							</span>
 						</div>
 						<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-							<span>Context</span>
+							<span>{t("Context")}</span>
 							<span className="tabular-nums text-card-foreground" data-testid="activity-blob-context">
 								{blob.context === null
 									? "—"
-									: `${formatTokens(blob.context.used)} / ${formatTokens(blob.context.limit)}`}
+									: `${formatTokens(blob.context.used, language)} / ${formatTokens(blob.context.limit, language)}`}
 							</span>
 						</div>
 						{blob.model && (
 							<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-								<span>Model</span>
+								<span>{t("Model")}</span>
 								<span className="truncate text-card-foreground">{blob.model}</span>
 							</div>
 						)}
 						{blob.steps !== undefined && (
 							<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-								<span>Steps</span>
+								<span>{t("Steps")}</span>
 								<span className="tabular-nums text-card-foreground">{blob.steps}</span>
 							</div>
 						)}
 						<a href={`/chat/${blob.chatId}`} className="text-primary hover:underline">
-							Open session →
-						</a>
+							{t("Open session →")}</a>
 					</div>
 					<div className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground/80">
-					{abortState === "failed" && "Abort failed — try again"}
-					{abortState === "pending" && "Stopping…"}
+					{abortState === "failed" && t("Abort failed — try again")}
+					{abortState === "pending" && t("Stopping…")}
 				</div>
 				</div>
 			)}

components/ai-elements/message.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import {
@@ -31,6 +33,8 @@ import {
 import remarkBreaks from "remark-breaks";
 import {
   Streamdown,
+  defaultTranslations,
+  type StreamdownTranslations,
   type PluginConfig,
 } from "streamdown";
 import { mdComponents } from "@/components/md-blocks";
@@ -264,11 +268,12 @@ export const MessageBranchPrevious = ({
   children,
   ...props
 }: MessageBranchPreviousProps) => {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
   const { goToPrevious, totalBranches } = useMessageBranch();
 
   return (
     <Button
-      aria-label="Previous branch"
+      aria-label={t("Previous branch")}
       disabled={totalBranches <= 1}
       onClick={goToPrevious}
       size="icon-sm"
@@ -287,11 +292,12 @@ export const MessageBranchNext = ({
   children,
   ...props
 }: MessageBranchNextProps) => {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
   const { goToNext, totalBranches } = useMessageBranch();
 
   return (
     <Button
-      aria-label="Next branch"
+      aria-label={t("Next branch")}
       disabled={totalBranches <= 1}
       onClick={goToNext}
       size="icon-sm"
@@ -310,6 +316,7 @@ export const MessageBranchPage = ({
   className,
   ...props
 }: MessageBranchPageProps) => {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
   const { currentBranch, totalBranches } = useMessageBranch();
 
   return (
@@ -320,7 +327,7 @@ export const MessageBranchPage = ({
       )}
       {...props}
     >
-      {currentBranch + 1} of {totalBranches}
+      {currentBranch + 1}{" "}{t("of")}{" "}{totalBranches}
     </ButtonGroupText>
   );
 };
@@ -357,6 +364,8 @@ export const streamdownPlugins = {
 
 export const MessageResponse = memo(
   ({ className, children, ...props }: MessageResponseProps) => {
+    const { t } = useI18n();
+    const translations = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(defaultTranslations).map(([key, text]) => [key, t(text)])) as Partial<StreamdownTranslations>;
     // Legacy backslash delimiters are converted in a single linear scan;
     // native dollar math passes through to Streamdown unchanged. Incomplete
     // legacy spans are left for a later render when their closer arrives.
@@ -373,6 +382,7 @@ export const MessageResponse = memo(
           "lh-prose size-full [&>*:first-child]:mt-0 [&>*:last-child]:mb-0",
           className
         )}
+        translations={translations}
         components={mdComponents}
         plugins={streamdownPlugins}
         {...props}

components/ai-elements/reasoning.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
 
 import { useControllableState } from "@radix-ui/react-use-controllable-state";
 import { blurAfterPointerClick } from "@/components/focus-hygiene";
@@ -134,20 +135,22 @@ export type ReasoningTriggerProps = ComponentProps<
    for a few seconds"), bookkeeping for information we knowingly lose. The
    label pairs with the user's collapsed "Your thinking" rows — one
    language; motion (spinner + shimmer) stays the working signal. */
-const defaultGetThinkingMessage = (isStreaming: boolean) => {
+const DefaultThinkingMessage = ({ isStreaming }: { isStreaming: boolean }) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   if (isStreaming) {
-    return <Shimmer duration={1}>Thinking...</Shimmer>;
+    return <Shimmer duration={1}>{t("Thinking...")}</Shimmer>;
   }
-  return <p>AGENT’S THINKING</p>;
+  return <p>{t("AGENT’S THINKING")}</p>;
 };
 
 export const ReasoningTrigger = memo(
   ({
     className,
     children,
-    getThinkingMessage = defaultGetThinkingMessage,
+    getThinkingMessage = (isStreaming) => <DefaultThinkingMessage isStreaming={isStreaming} />,
     ...props
   }: ReasoningTriggerProps) => {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
     const { isStreaming, isOpen } = useReasoning();
 
     return (
@@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ export const ReasoningTrigger = memo(
                 the component default (h-3) — IDENTICAL to the placeholder
                 spinner (owner, 2026-10-02): the handoff between the two
                 states must be visually seamless, one size everywhere. */}
-            {isStreaming && <BrailleSpinner label="Thinking" />}
+            {isStreaming && <BrailleSpinner label={t("Thinking")} />}
             {getThinkingMessage(isStreaming)}
             <ChevronDownIcon
               className={cn(

components/answered-card.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { ConfidenceRail } from "@/components/confidence-rail";
@@ -20,12 +22,12 @@ import { parseAskInput, parseQuizInput } from "@/src/core";
  * the explanation, with NO verdict chips (owner ruling 2026-09-27).
  */
 export function AnsweredCard({ answer, input }: { answer: QuestionAnswerData; input?: unknown }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [whyOpen, setWhyOpen] = useState(false); // the tucked explanation (predictions, owner 2026-10-03)
 	if (answer.dismissed) {
 		return (
 			<div className="rounded-xl border bg-card p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-				<span className="font-medium">{answer.questionText}</span> — skipped
-			</div>
+				<span className="font-medium">{answer.questionText}</span> {" "}{t("— skipped")}</div>
 		);
 	}
 
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ export function AnsweredCard({ answer, input }: { answer: QuestionAnswerData; in
 		    ThinkingBlock, instead of an inset inside the answer. Same muted
 		    rail as before; the label is now plain "Your thinking". */}
 		{answer.readingThinking && (
-			<ThinkingBlock testId="reading-thinking-block" label="YOUR THINKING" text={answer.readingThinking} defaultOpen />
+			<ThinkingBlock testId="reading-thinking-block" label={t("YOUR THINKING")} text={answer.readingThinking} defaultOpen />
 		)}
 		{/* [&>*:last-child]:mb-0 (owner round, 2026-10-07): on ask cards the
 		    thinking row is the last child — its my-3 stacked with the card's
@@ -66,23 +68,23 @@ export function AnsweredCard({ answer, input }: { answer: QuestionAnswerData; in
 			    cards label Probe/Recall — the phase boundary visible in the
 			    transcript. No `tool` on old records: kind labels as before. */}
 				{answer.tool === "probe"
-					? "Probe"
+					? t("Probe")
 					: answer.tool === "recall"
-						? "Recall"
+						? t("Recall")
 						: isQuiz
 								? answer.questionType === "predict"
-									? "Prediction"
-									: "Check"
+									? t("Prediction")
+									: t("Check")
 									: isExplain
-										? "Explain"
-											: "Question"}
+										? t("Explain")
+											: t("Question")}
 				{isQuiz &&
 					(answer.dontKnow ? (
-						<span className="rounded bg-muted px-1.5 py-0.5">didn't know</span>
+						<span className="rounded bg-muted px-1.5 py-0.5">{t("didn't know")}</span>
 					) : answer.correct ? (
-						<span className="rounded bg-green-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-green-500">correct</span>
+						<span className="rounded bg-green-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-green-500">{t("correct")}</span>
 					) : (
-						<span className="rounded bg-red-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-red-500">incorrect</span>
+						<span className="rounded bg-red-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-red-500">{t("incorrect")}</span>
 					))}
 			</div>
 			<div className="mb-3 font-medium">
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ export function AnsweredCard({ answer, input }: { answer: QuestionAnswerData; in
 				</div>
 			)}
 			{answer.dontKnow && isQuiz && (
-				<div className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Answered “I don't know”.</div>
+				<div className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Answered “I don't know”.")}</div>
 			)}
 
 			{(answer.thinking ?? answer.note) && (
@@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ export function AnsweredCard({ answer, input }: { answer: QuestionAnswerData; in
 				    the accent lift read too light); rail only, heights identical. */
 				<ThinkingBlock
 					testId="your-thinking"
-					label="YOUR THINKING"
+					label={t("YOUR THINKING")}
 					text={answer.thinking ?? answer.note ?? ""}
 					inCard
 				/>
@@ -206,11 +208,11 @@ export function AnsweredCard({ answer, input }: { answer: QuestionAnswerData; in
 						onClick={() => setWhyOpen((v) => !v)}
 						className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
 					>
-						{whyOpen ? "Hide why" : "Why"}
+						{whyOpen ? t("Hide why") : t("Why")}
 					</button>
 					{whyOpen && (
 						<div className="mt-1.5 rounded-lg bg-muted py-2 text-sm text-foreground/50">
-							<span className="font-medium text-muted-foreground">Why: </span>
+							<span className="font-medium text-muted-foreground">{t("Why:")}{" "}</span>
 							{/* The markdown wrapper must go truly inline — a block <p> after the
 							   "Why:" label created the oversized leading gap (owner's fix list). */}
 							<MessageResponse className="inline [&_p]:inline [&_p]:m-0">{answer.explanation}</MessageResponse>
@@ -224,7 +226,7 @@ export function AnsweredCard({ answer, input }: { answer: QuestionAnswerData; in
 			    the model's next reply IS the grading. */}
 			{isExplain && answer.committed && (
 				<div className="mt-3 rounded-lg bg-muted py-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-					<span className="font-medium text-foreground">The answer: </span>
+					<span className="font-medium text-foreground">{t("The answer:")}{" "}</span>
 					<MessageResponse className="inline [&_p]:inline [&_p]:m-0">{answer.committed}</MessageResponse>
 				</div>
 			)}

components/artifacts/demo-card.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { DownloadIcon } from "lucide-react";
@@ -100,12 +102,12 @@ export function DemoOutputCard({
 	messageId?: string;
 	initialInverted?: boolean;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const result = output as DemoResult | undefined;
 	if (!result || typeof result.html !== "string" || typeof result.title !== "string") {
 		return (
 			<div className="rounded-xl border bg-card p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-				Demo completed, but the result could not be displayed.
-			</div>
+				{t("Demo completed, but the result could not be displayed.")}</div>
 		);
 	}
 	const failed = result.html.length === 0;
@@ -113,10 +115,9 @@ export function DemoOutputCard({
 		return (
 			<div className="rounded-xl border bg-card p-4 text-card-foreground" data-testid="demo-card-failed">
 				<div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-					Interactive demo
-					<span className="rounded bg-red-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-red-500">failed</span>
+					{t("Interactive demo")}<span className="rounded bg-red-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-red-500">{t("failed")}</span>
 				</div>
-				<p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{result.notes ?? "The demo could not be built."}</p>
+				<p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{result.notes ?? t("The demo could not be built.")}</p>
 			</div>
 		);
 	}
@@ -136,6 +137,7 @@ function DemoFrame({
 	messageId?: string;
 	initialInverted?: boolean;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const actions = useContext(ChatActionsContext);
 	const iframeRef = useRef<HTMLIFrameElement | null>(null);
 	const [state, setState] = useState<DemoBridgeState>(INITIAL_DEMO_BRIDGE_STATE);
@@ -177,22 +179,21 @@ function DemoFrame({
 			<div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
 				<div className="flex min-w-0 items-baseline gap-2">
 					<span className="shrink-0 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-						interactive demo
-					</span>
+						{t("interactive demo")}</span>
 					<span className="truncate text-xs font-medium tracking-wide text-foreground">{title}</span>
 				</div>
 				<div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5">
 					<Toggle
 						checked={inverted}
 						onChange={toggleInverted}
-						label="Invert demo brightness"
-						title="Invert colors"
+						label={t("Invert demo brightness")}
+						title={t("Invert colors")}
 						discIcon={<InvertDiscIcon className="size-3" />}
 					/>
 					<button
 						type="button"
-						aria-label="Download demo as HTML"
-						title="Download as HTML"
+						aria-label={t("Download demo as HTML")}
+						title={t("Download as HTML")}
 						onClick={() => downloadFile(`${slugFilename(title)}.html`, html, "text/html")}
 						data-testid="demo-download"
 						className="rounded-md p-1.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
@@ -205,7 +206,7 @@ function DemoFrame({
 				<DemoErrorChip
 					title={title}
 					message={state.error}
-					onSend={actions ? () => actions.sendText(`The demo "${title}" threw an error: ${state.error}`) : undefined}
+					onSend={actions ? () => actions.sendText(t("The demo \"{v0}\" threw an error: {v1}", { v0: title, v1: state.error })) : undefined}
 				/>
 			)}
 			<iframe
@@ -245,12 +246,13 @@ export function DemoErrorChip({
 	message: string;
 	onSend?: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<div
 			className="mt-2 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 rounded-lg bg-red-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-red-500"
 			data-testid="demo-error-chip"
 		>
-			<span className="font-medium">This demo threw an error</span>
+			<span className="font-medium">{t("This demo threw an error")}</span>
 			<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-mono text-xs" title={message}>
 				{message}
 			</span>
@@ -261,8 +263,7 @@ export function DemoErrorChip({
 					className="rounded-md border border-red-500/40 px-2 py-1 text-xs font-medium hover:bg-red-500/15"
 					data-testid="demo-error-send"
 				>
-					Send to teacher
-				</button>
+					{t("Send to teacher")}</button>
 			)}
 		</div>
 	);

components/artifacts/dispatch-card.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useContext } from "react";
 import { CheckIcon, SettingsIcon, XIcon } from "lucide-react";
@@ -27,12 +29,13 @@ const KIND_LABEL: Record<JobKind, string> = {
 };
 
 export function DispatchCard({ toolCallId, kind }: { toolCallId: string; kind: JobKind }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const jobs = useContext(JobsContext);
 	const job = jobs.find((j) => j.toolCallId === toolCallId) ?? null;
 	const label = KIND_LABEL[kind];
 
 	if (!job || job.status === "running") {
-		return <DispatchActivityCard job={job} label={label} />;
+		return <DispatchActivityCard job={job} label={t(label)} />;
 	}
 	// BYOK (owner, 2026-09-22): a job refused for missing models is INFO,
 	// not scary-error — gray glyph + "needs model setup" + the deep-link
@@ -41,10 +44,10 @@ export function DispatchCard({ toolCallId, kind }: { toolCallId: string; kind: J
 	// whose key is gone reads as the key being needed — the deep-link
 	// lands on the SetupDialog's first-key stage on its own.
 	if (isModelsRefusal(job.error)) {
-		return <DispatchRefusedCard label={label} line="needs model setup" button="Set up models" />;
+		return <DispatchRefusedCard label={t(label)} line={t("needs model setup")} button={t("Set up models")} />;
 	}
 	if (isProviderKeyRefusal(job.error)) {
-		return <DispatchRefusedCard label={label} line="needs a provider key" button="Add a key" />;
+		return <DispatchRefusedCard label={t(label)} line={t("needs a provider key")} button={t("Add a key")} />;
 	}
 	const failed = job.status === "error";
 	return (
@@ -53,14 +56,15 @@ export function DispatchCard({ toolCallId, kind }: { toolCallId: string; kind: J
 			data-testid="dispatch-settled"
 		>
 			{failed ? <XIcon className="size-3.5 text-red-500" /> : <CheckIcon className="size-3.5" />}
-			<span className="font-medium uppercase tracking-wide">{label}</span>
-			<span>{failed ? "failed" : "delivered"}</span>
+			<span className="font-medium uppercase tracking-wide">{t(label)}</span>
+			<span>{failed ? t("failed") : t("delivered")}</span>
 		</div>
 	);
 }
 
 /** The refused card: quiet info tone — nothing red, nothing "failed". */
 function DispatchRefusedCard({ label, line, button }: { label: string; line: string; button: string }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const ctx = useContext(ChatActionsContext);
 	return (
 		<div
@@ -68,7 +72,7 @@ function DispatchRefusedCard({ label, line, button }: { label: string; line: str
 			data-testid="dispatch-refused"
 		>
 			<SettingsIcon className="size-3.5" />
-			<span className="font-medium uppercase tracking-wide">{label}</span>
+			<span className="font-medium uppercase tracking-wide">{t(label)}</span>
 			<span>{line}</span>
 			{ctx && (
 				<button
@@ -85,6 +89,7 @@ function DispatchRefusedCard({ label, line, button }: { label: string; line: str
 }
 
 function DispatchActivityCard({ job, label }: { job: JobRecord | null; label: string }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	// Elapsed from createdAt — jobs appear here only via the jobs feed (post-mount),
 	// so no SSR/hydration mismatch.
 	const elapsed =
@@ -99,19 +104,18 @@ function DispatchActivityCard({ job, label }: { job: JobRecord | null; label: st
 				    the Braille spinner replaces the pulsing dot — one indicator
 				    everywhere. This is the ONLY dispatch-card change; the card's
 				    shape is untouched. */}
-				<BrailleSpinner label={`${label} running`} />
-				{label}
-				{elapsed !== null && <span className="font-normal">· {elapsed}s</span>}
+				<BrailleSpinner label={t("{v0} running", { v0: label })} />
+				{t(label)}
+				{elapsed !== null && <span className="font-normal">· {t("{v0}s", { v0: elapsed })}</span>}
 			</div>
 			{job?.activity && (
 				<div className="mt-1 truncate text-sm text-muted-foreground" data-testid="dispatch-activity-line">
-					{job.activity}
+					{t(job.activity)}
 				</div>
 			)}
 			{!job && (
 				<div className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground" data-testid="dispatch-pending">
-					Dispatched…
-				</div>
+					{t("Dispatched…")}</div>
 			)}
 		</div>
 	);

components/artifacts/download.ts

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export function slugFilename(title: string): string {
 		.toLowerCase()
 		.normalize("NFKD")
 		.replace(/[\u0300-\u036f]/g, "")
-		.replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, "-")
+		.replace(/[^\p{L}\p{N}]+/gu, "-")
 		.replace(/^-+|-+$/g, "")
 		.slice(0, 64);
 	return slug || "demo";

components/artifacts/job-card.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { DispatchCard } from "@/components/artifacts/dispatch-card";
 import { MessageResponse } from "@/components/ai-elements/message";
@@ -35,15 +37,15 @@ export function PdfJobCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
  * the same expand-on-demand idiom as research.
  */
 export function PdfBriefCard({ output }: { output: unknown }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const result = output as PdfResult | undefined;
 	if (!result || typeof result.brief !== "string") {
 		return (
 			<div className="rounded-xl border bg-card p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-				PDF reading completed, but the result could not be displayed.
-			</div>
+				{t("PDF reading completed, but the result could not be displayed.")}</div>
 		);
 	}
-	const failed = result.brief.startsWith("PDF failed");
+	const failed = result.brief.startsWith(t("PDF failed"));
 	// Read = extract/render output entered the loop; consulted = every page
 	// incl. search hits (the full audit set — the brief's citations may point
 	// there). The ?? fallbacks tolerate pre-split persisted records.
@@ -52,20 +54,19 @@ export function PdfBriefCard({ output }: { output: unknown }) {
 	return (
 		<div className="rounded-xl border bg-card p-4 text-card-foreground" data-testid="pdf-brief-card">
 			<div className="mb-1 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-				PDF brief
-				{failed && <span className="rounded bg-red-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-red-500">failed</span>}
+				{t("PDF brief")}{failed && <span className="rounded bg-red-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-red-500">{t("failed")}</span>}
 			</div>
 			<div className="text-sm [&_p:first-child]:mt-0 [&_p:last-child]:mb-0">
 				<MessageResponse>{result.brief}</MessageResponse>
 			</div>
 			{!failed && readList.length > 0 && (
 				<div className="mt-3 border-t pt-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-					Pages read: {readList.join(", ")}
+					{t("Pages read:")}{" "}{readList.join(", ")}
 				</div>
 			)}
 			{!failed && consultedList.length > readList.length && (
 				<div className="mt-3 border-t pt-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-					Pages consulted: {consultedList.join(", ")}
+					{t("Pages consulted:")}{" "}{consultedList.join(", ")}
 				</div>
 			)}
 		</div>
@@ -77,27 +78,26 @@ export function PdfBriefCard({ output }: { output: unknown }) {
  * the steer card (sub-agent result delivery) renders the same artifact.
  */
 export function ResearchBriefCard({ output }: { output: unknown }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const result = output as ResearchResult | undefined;
 	if (!result || typeof result.brief !== "string") {
 		return (
 			<div className="rounded-xl border bg-card p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-				Research completed, but the result could not be displayed.
-			</div>
+				{t("Research completed, but the result could not be displayed.")}</div>
 		);
 	}
-	const failed = result.brief.startsWith("Research failed");
+	const failed = result.brief.startsWith(t("Research failed"));
 	return (
 		<div className="rounded-xl border bg-card p-4 text-card-foreground" data-testid="research-brief-card">
 			<div className="mb-1 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-				Research brief
-				{failed && <span className="rounded bg-red-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-red-500">failed</span>}
+				{t("Research brief")}{failed && <span className="rounded bg-red-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-red-500">{t("failed")}</span>}
 			</div>
 			<div className="text-sm [&_p:first-child]:mt-0 [&_p:last-child]:mb-0">
 				<MessageResponse>{result.brief}</MessageResponse>
 			</div>
 			{result.sources.length > 0 && (
 				<div className="mt-3 border-t pt-2">
-					<div className="mb-1 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">Sources</div>
+					<div className="mb-1 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">{t("Sources")}</div>
 					<ul className="flex flex-col gap-0.5 text-xs">
 						{result.sources.map((s) => (
 							<li key={s.url} className="truncate">

components/artifacts/live-tool-card.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { ChevronRight } from "lucide-react";
 import { BrailleSpinner } from "@/components/braille-spinner";
@@ -28,6 +30,7 @@ interface StreamingToolPart {
 }
 
 export function LiveToolCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const p = part as StreamingToolPart;
 	const tool = p.type.replace(/^tool-/, "");
 	const inp = (p.input ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>;
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ export function LiveToolCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
 			className="group my-1 w-full max-w-2xl select-none"
 		>
 			<summary className="flex cursor-pointer list-none items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground [&::-webkit-details-marker]:hidden">
-				<BrailleSpinner label={`${toolActivityLabel(tool)} — live`} />
+				<BrailleSpinner label={t("{v0} — live", { v0: toolActivityLabel(tool) })} />
 				<Shimmer duration={1} className="text-xs">
 					{toolActivityLabel(tool)}
 				</Shimmer>
@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ export function LiveToolCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
 				<ChevronRight className="size-3 shrink-0 opacity-50 transition-transform group-open:rotate-90" />
 			</summary>
 			<div className="mt-2 rounded-xl border bg-card p-3 text-xs">
-				<div className="mb-1 font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">Input (streaming)</div>
+				<div className="mb-1 font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">{t("Input (streaming)")}</div>
 				<pre className="max-h-32 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-all font-mono text-[11px] leading-relaxed">
 					{hasInput ? JSON.stringify(p.input, null, 2) : "…"}
 				</pre>

components/artifacts/probe-done-card.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { ClipboardCheckIcon } from "lucide-react";
 import { parseProbeDoneInput, type ProbeDoneResult } from "@/src/core";
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ import { parseProbeDoneInput, type ProbeDoneResult } from "@/src/core";
  * the UI wave; this card just guarantees the data is never invisible.
  */
 export function ProbeDoneCard({ part }: { part: { input?: unknown; output?: unknown; state?: unknown } }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const output = part.output as ProbeDoneResult | undefined;
 	const state = typeof part.state === "string" ? part.state : "";
 
@@ -43,14 +46,12 @@ export function ProbeDoneCard({ part }: { part: { input?: unknown; output?: unkn
 		<div data-testid="probe-done-card" className="my-3 rounded-xl border bg-card/60 p-3">
 			<div className="mb-2 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
 				<ClipboardCheckIcon className="size-3.5 text-primary" />
-				Probe concluded — your assessment
-			</div>
+				{t("Probe concluded — your assessment")}</div>
 			{output && !output.ok ? (
-				<p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">The prober retried: {output.error}</p>
+				<p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("The prober retried:")}{" "}{output.error}</p>
 			) : state === "output-error" ? (
 				<p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-					The assessment was malformed — the prober retried with a corrected one.
-				</p>
+					{t("The assessment was malformed — the prober retried with a corrected one.")}</p>
 			) : strands ? (
 				<div className="space-y-2">
 					{strands.map((s, i) => (
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ export function ProbeDoneCard({ part }: { part: { input?: unknown; output?: unkn
 					)}
 				</div>
 			) : (
-				<p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Writing the assessment…</p>
+				<p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Writing the assessment…")}</p>
 			)}
 		</div>
 	);

components/artifacts/steer-card.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { CheckIcon, CircleX } from "lucide-react";
 import type { PdfResult, ResearchResult, SubagentArtifactData } from "@/src/core";
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@ import { VisualOutputCard } from "@/components/artifacts/visual-card";
  *     render; only a failure note does.
  */
 export function SubagentSteerCard({ message }: { message: LhViewMessage }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const artifactPart = message.parts.find((p) => p.type === "data-subagent-artifact");
 	const data = artifactPart?.data as SubagentArtifactData | undefined;
 	// The abort steer (2026-09 dock semantics): its message-type part is
@@ -38,8 +41,7 @@ export function SubagentSteerCard({ message }: { message: LhViewMessage }) {
 		if (aborted?.data) return <AbortedBadge kind={aborted.data.kind ?? "job"} />;
 		return (
 				<div className="rounded-xl border bg-card p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-				A sub-agent finished, but its result could not be displayed.
-			</div>
+				{t("A sub-agent finished, but its result could not be displayed.")}</div>
 		);
 	}
 	switch (data.kind) {
@@ -66,11 +68,12 @@ export function SubagentSteerCard({ message }: { message: LhViewMessage }) {
  * teacher's wake turn acknowledges the abort in the lesson itself,
  * this just marks what happened. */
 function AbortedBadge({ kind }: { kind: string }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<div data-testid="job-aborted-badge" className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
 			<CircleX className="size-3.5" />
 			<span className="font-medium uppercase tracking-wide">{kind}</span>
-			<span>aborted by the learner</span>
+			<span>{t("aborted by the learner")}</span>
 		</div>
 	);
 }
@@ -80,6 +83,7 @@ function AbortedBadge({ kind }: { kind: string }) {
  * the badge marks delivery, the collapsed details carries the full text
  * + consulted pages. */
 function PdfCompleteBadge({ result }: { result: PdfResult }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	// The honest count is READ pages (extract/render — sources v1 split);
 	// the ?? is runtime tolerance for pre-split persisted steers.
 	const readPages = result.pagesRead ?? result.pagesConsulted;
@@ -88,14 +92,14 @@ function PdfCompleteBadge({ result }: { result: PdfResult }) {
 			<summary className="flex cursor-pointer select-none list-none items-center gap-2 [&::-webkit-details-marker]:hidden">
 				<CheckIcon className="size-3.5" />
 				<span className="font-medium uppercase tracking-wide">PDF</span>
-				<span>reading complete</span>
+				<span>{t("reading complete")}</span>
 				{readPages.length > 0 && (
 					<span>
-						· read {readPages.length} page{readPages.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}
+						{t("· read {count} pages", { count: readPages.length })}
 					</span>
 				)}
-				<span className="ml-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 group-open:hidden">view brief</span>
-				<span className="ml-1 hidden text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 group-open:inline">hide brief</span>
+				<span className="ml-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 group-open:hidden">{t("view brief")}</span>
+				<span className="ml-1 hidden text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 group-open:inline">{t("hide brief")}</span>
 			</summary>
 			<div className="mt-2">
 				<PdfBriefCard output={result} />
@@ -110,15 +114,16 @@ function PdfCompleteBadge({ result }: { result: PdfResult }) {
  * affordance): full markdown + sources, one click away, no extra fetch —
  * the artifact part in the record is the single source of truth. */
 function ResearchCompleteBadge({ result }: { result: ResearchResult }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<details data-testid="research-complete-badge" className="group w-full text-xs text-muted-foreground">
 			<summary className="flex cursor-pointer select-none list-none items-center gap-2 [&::-webkit-details-marker]:hidden">
 				<CheckIcon className="size-3.5" />
-				<span className="font-medium uppercase tracking-wide">Research</span>
-				<span>complete</span>
-				{result.sources.length > 0 && <span>· {result.sources.length} sources</span>}
-				<span className="ml-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 group-open:hidden">view brief</span>
-				<span className="ml-1 hidden text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 group-open:inline">hide brief</span>
+				<span className="font-medium uppercase tracking-wide">{t("Research")}</span>
+				<span>{t("complete")}</span>
+				{result.sources.length > 0 && <span>· {t("{count} sources", { count: result.sources.length })}</span>}
+				<span className="ml-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 group-open:hidden">{t("view brief")}</span>
+				<span className="ml-1 hidden text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 group-open:inline">{t("hide brief")}</span>
 			</summary>
 			<div className="mt-2">
 				<ResearchBriefCard output={result} />

components/artifacts/tool-call-card.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { ChevronRight } from "lucide-react";
 import type { ArtifactPartProps } from "@/src/core";
@@ -62,6 +64,7 @@ function outputText(output: unknown): string | null {
 }
 
 export function ToolCallCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const p = part as ToolCallPart;
 	const tool = p.type.replace(/^tool-/, "");
 	const arg = headlineArg(tool, p.input);
@@ -84,8 +87,7 @@ export function ToolCallCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
 				{p.input != null && (
 					<div>
 						<div className="mb-1 font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-							Input
-						</div>
+							{t("Input")}</div>
 						<pre className="max-h-32 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-all font-mono text-[11px] leading-relaxed">
 							{JSON.stringify(p.input, null, 2)}
 						</pre>
@@ -94,24 +96,22 @@ export function ToolCallCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
 				{typeof p.errorText === "string" ? (
 					<div>
 						<div className="mb-1 font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-							Error
-						</div>
+							{t("Error")}</div>
 						<pre className="whitespace-pre-wrap break-all font-mono text-[11px] text-red-500">
-							{p.errorText}
+							{t(p.errorText)}
 						</pre>
 					</div>
 				) : out != null ? (
 					<div>
 						<div className="mb-1 font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-							Output
-						</div>
+							{t("Output")}</div>
 						<pre className="max-h-64 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-all font-mono text-[11px] leading-relaxed">
 							{out}
 						</pre>
 					</div>
 				) : (
 					p.state !== "output-available" && (
-						<div className="text-muted-foreground italic">running…</div>
+						<div className="text-muted-foreground italic">{t("running…")}</div>
 					)
 				)}
 			</div>

components/artifacts/visual-card.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useContext, useState } from "react";
 import { ChatActionsContext } from "@/components/chat";
@@ -61,6 +63,7 @@ export function VisualOutputCard({
 	messageId?: string;
 	initialInverted?: boolean;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const result = output as VisualResult | undefined;
 	const overlay = useSessionMermaid();
 	const actions = useContext(ChatActionsContext);
@@ -83,8 +86,7 @@ export function VisualOutputCard({
 	if (!result || typeof result.svg !== "string") {
 		return (
 			<div className="rounded-xl border bg-card p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-				Figure completed, but the result could not be displayed.
-			</div>
+				{t("Figure completed, but the result could not be displayed.")}</div>
 		);
 	}
 	const failed = result.svg.length === 0;
@@ -92,10 +94,9 @@ export function VisualOutputCard({
 		return (
 			<div className="rounded-xl border bg-card p-4 text-card-foreground" data-testid="visual-card-failed">
 				<div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-					Figure
-					<span className="rounded bg-red-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-red-500">failed</span>
+					{t("Figure")}<span className="rounded bg-red-500/15 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-red-500">{t("failed")}</span>
 				</div>
-				<p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{result.notes ?? "The figure could not be drawn."}</p>
+				<p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{result.notes ?? t("The figure could not be drawn.")}</p>
 			</div>
 		);
 	}
@@ -130,21 +131,21 @@ export function VisualOutputCard({
 				data-testid="visual-svg"
 			/>
 			<div className="mt-2 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
-				<div className="text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">Figure</div>
+				<div className="text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">{t("Figure")}</div>
 				<div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
 					{/* The invert affordance (owner round, 2026-10-07): the disc IS
 					    the half-filled contrast circle; the tooltip names it. */}
 					<Toggle
 						checked={inverted}
 						onChange={toggleInverted}
-						label="Invert figure brightness"
-						title="Invert colors"
+						label={t("Invert figure brightness")}
+						title={t("Invert colors")}
 						discIcon={<InvertDiscIcon className="size-3" />}
 					/>
 					<button
 						type="button"
-						aria-label="Download figure as SVG"
-						title="Download as SVG"
+						aria-label={t("Download figure as SVG")}
+						title={t("Download as SVG")}
 						onClick={() => downloadFile("figure.svg", result.svg, "image/svg+xml")}
 						data-testid="visual-download"
 						className="rounded-md p-1.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
@@ -154,8 +155,8 @@ export function VisualOutputCard({
 					{overlay && (
 						<button
 							type="button"
-							aria-label="Open figure fullscreen"
-							title="Open fullscreen"
+							aria-label={t("Open figure fullscreen")}
+							title={t("Open fullscreen")}
 							onClick={() => overlay.openFigure(result.svg, inverted)}
 							data-testid="visual-open"
 							className="rounded-md p-1.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"

components/braille-spinner.tsx

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+"use client";
+
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
 import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
 
 /**
@@ -43,12 +46,13 @@ export function BrailleSpinner({
 	/** The accessible name of the state this spinner announces. */
 	label?: string;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<svg
 			viewBox="0 0 4 8"
 			data-testid="braille-spinner"
 			role="status"
-			aria-label={label}
+			aria-label={t(label)}
 			className={cn("h-3 w-auto shrink-0 text-foreground", className)}
 		>
 			{FRAMES.map((frame, k) => (

components/chain-table.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 "use client";
+import { countLabel } from "@/src/core";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 /**
  * THE CHAIN TABLE (chains overlay; owner refinements round 2, 2026-09-29):
@@ -143,6 +146,7 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 	selectMode?: boolean;
 	onSelect?: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const byId = useMemo(() => new Map(nodes.map((n) => [n.id, n])), [nodes]);
 	const chains = useMemo(() => chainsForSelection(nodes, storedChains), [nodes, storedChains]);
 	const searching = query.trim() !== "";
@@ -246,7 +250,7 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 			    law: later in the DOM). */}
 			<TopBar>
 				<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-					{chains.length} {chains.length === 1 ? "chain" : "chains"} · {nodes.length} {nodes.length === 1 ? "node" : "nodes"}
+					{countLabel(language, chains.length, "chain", "chains")} · {countLabel(language, nodes.length, "node", "nodes")}
 				</span>
 				<div className="relative shrink-0">
 					<SearchIcon className="absolute left-2.5 top-1/2 size-3.5 -translate-y-1/2 text-muted-foreground" />
@@ -254,8 +258,8 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 						value={query}
 						data-testid="chain-table-search"
 						onChange={(e) => onQuery(e.target.value)}
-						placeholder="Search nodes…"
-						aria-label="Search nodes"
+						placeholder={t("Search nodes…")}
+						aria-label={t("Search nodes")}
 						spellCheck={false}
 						className="lh-no-drag h-8 w-56 rounded-lg border bg-background pl-8 pr-3 text-xs outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground focus:border-ring"
 					/>
@@ -264,7 +268,7 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 					type="button"
 					data-testid="chain-table-close"
 					onClick={onClose}
-					aria-label="Close chains"
+					aria-label={t("Close chains")}
 					className="lh-no-drag flex size-8 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-lg border border-border/70 bg-card/80 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 				>
 					<XIcon className="size-4" />
@@ -288,7 +292,7 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 						aria-sort={sort.col === "name" ? (sort.dir === 1 ? "ascending" : "descending") : "none"}
 						className="flex flex-1 items-center gap-1 text-left transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
 					>
-						Name {dirIcon("name")}
+						{t("Name")}{" "}{dirIcon("name")}
 					</button>
 					<button
 						type="button"
@@ -297,7 +301,7 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 						aria-sort={sort.col === "props" ? (sort.dir === 1 ? "ascending" : "descending") : "none"}
 						className="flex w-14 shrink-0 items-center justify-end gap-1 text-right transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
 					>
-						Props {dirIcon("props")}
+						{t("Props")}{" "}{dirIcon("props")}
 					</button>
 					<button
 						type="button"
@@ -306,14 +310,13 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 						aria-sort={sort.col === "created" ? (sort.dir === 1 ? "ascending" : "descending") : "none"}
 						className="flex w-20 shrink-0 items-center justify-end gap-1 text-right transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
 					>
-						Created {dirIcon("created")}
+						{t("Created")}{" "}{dirIcon("created")}
 					</button>
 				</div>
 
 				{groups.length === 0 && (
 					<div data-testid="chain-table-nomatch" className="px-4 pt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-						No matching chains.
-					</div>
+						{t("No matching chains.")}</div>
 				)}
 
 				{groups.map((group) => {
@@ -348,15 +351,15 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 									indeterminate={selectedCount > 0 && selectedCount < group.nodeIds.length}
 									onToggle={(next) => onToggleNodes(group.nodeIds, next)}
 									testid={`cluster-checkbox-${group.key}`}
-									label={`Select everything born in ${group.label ?? "unlabeled"}`}
+									label={t("Select everything born in {v0}", { v0: group.label ?? "unlabeled" })}
 								/>
-								<Expander open={open} onClick={() => onToggleCluster(group.key)} testid={`cluster-toggle-${group.key}`} label={`Expand cluster ${group.label ?? "unlabeled"}`} />
+								<Expander open={open} onClick={() => onToggleCluster(group.key)} testid={`cluster-toggle-${group.key}`} label={t("Expand cluster {v0}", { v0: group.label ?? "unlabeled" })} />
 								<span className="flex shrink-0 items-center justify-center text-muted-foreground">
 									{open ? <FolderOpenIcon className="size-3.5" /> : <FolderIcon className="size-3.5" />}
 								</span>
 								<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium">
-									{group.label ?? <span className="text-muted-foreground/60">unlabeled</span>}
-									{group.kind === "notes" && <span className="ml-2 text-[11px] uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/60">notes</span>}
+									{group.label ?? <span className="text-muted-foreground/60">{t("unlabeled")}</span>}
+									{group.kind === "notes" && <span className="ml-2 text-[11px] uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/60">{t("notes")}</span>}
 								</span>
 								<span className="w-14 shrink-0 text-right text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
 									{group.nodeIds.length}
@@ -397,9 +400,9 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 													indeterminate={selectedInChain > 0 && selectedInChain < memberIds.length}
 													onToggle={(next) => onToggleNodes(memberIds, next)}
 													testid={`chain-checkbox-${chain.id}`}
-													label={`Select chain ${nameOf(chain.conclusion)}`}
+													label={t("Select chain {v0}", { v0: nameOf(chain.conclusion) })}
 												/>
-												<Expander open={chainOpen} onClick={() => onToggleChain(chain.id)} testid={`chain-toggle-${chain.id}`} label={`Expand chain ${nameOf(chain.conclusion)}`} />
+												<Expander open={chainOpen} onClick={() => onToggleChain(chain.id)} testid={`chain-toggle-${chain.id}`} label={t("Expand chain {v0}", { v0: nameOf(chain.conclusion) })} />
 												{/* The chain line: proposition names as faint-outlined
 												    chips. THE LOGIC IS THE PAYLOAD (owner rulings,
 												    2026-09-30): premises join with the LaTeX LAND (∧),
@@ -465,7 +468,7 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 																checked={selection.has(id)}
 																onToggle={(next) => onToggleNodes([id], next)}
 																testid={`prop-checkbox-${id}`}
-																label={`Select node ${node.name}`}
+																label={t("Select node {v0}", { v0: node.name })}
 															/>
 															<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">
 																{node.statement}
@@ -493,8 +496,8 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 						className="pointer-events-auto flex items-center gap-3 rounded-full border bg-card px-4 py-2 shadow-lg"
 					>
 						<span data-testid="chain-selected-summary" className="text-xs font-medium">
-							{selection.size} {selection.size === 1 ? "node" : "nodes"} →{" "}
-							{derived.length} {derived.length === 1 ? "chain" : "chains"}
+							{countLabel(language, selection.size, "node", "nodes")} →{" "}
+							{countLabel(language, derived.length, "chain", "chains")}
 						</span>
 						<button
 							type="button"
@@ -502,19 +505,17 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 							onClick={onClear}
 							className="rounded-full px-2.5 py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 						>
-							Clear
-						</button>
+							{t("Clear")}</button>
 						{selectMode ? (
 							<button
 								type="button"
 								data-testid="chain-practice-done"
 								onClick={onSelect}
-								aria-label={`Done picking — ${selection.size} ${selection.size === 1 ? "proposition" : "propositions"} selected`}
+								aria-label={t("Done picking — {v0} {v1} selected", { v0: selection.size, v1: selection.size === 1 ? "proposition" : "propositions" })}
 								className="flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-full bg-primary px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-primary-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-primary/80"
 							>
 								<DumbbellIcon aria-hidden="true" className="size-3.5" />
-								Done
-							</button>
+								{t("Done")}</button>
 						) : (
 							<>
 							{/* The danger fence (owner ruling): a divider quarantines
@@ -526,12 +527,11 @@ export function ChainTableBody({
 								type="button"
 								data-testid="chain-delete"
 								onClick={onDelete}
-								aria-label={`Delete ${selection.size} selected ${selection.size === 1 ? "node" : "nodes"}`}
+								aria-label={t("Delete {v0} selected {v1}", { v0: selection.size, v1: selection.size === 1 ? "node" : "nodes" })}
 								className="flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-full border border-destructive/50 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-destructive transition-colors hover:bg-destructive/20"
 							>
 								<Trash2Icon aria-hidden="true" className="size-3.5" />
-								Delete
-							</button>
+								{t("Delete")}</button>
 							</>
 						)}
 					</div>

components/chat.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { createContext, Fragment, useCallback, useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useChatSession } from "@/components/session";
@@ -225,6 +227,7 @@ export function Chat({
 	 *  only decides whether the pill rides the composer. */
 	initialConfigured?: boolean;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	// Reattach plumbing (background-turn runner wave): the hook holds the
 	// settled terminal's callback — a stable ref assigned below, once
 	// syncFromServer exists (refs, not closures: no stale capture).
@@ -1236,8 +1239,8 @@ export function Chat({
 								}}
 								onBlur={() => void commitRename(titleDraft)}
 								spellCheck={false}
-								aria-label="Session title"
-								title="Rename this session"
+								aria-label={t("Session title")}
+								title={t("Rename this session")}
 								className="lh-no-drag min-w-[8ch] max-w-[70%] shrink-0 bg-transparent font-title text-3xl tracking-tight caret-current outline-none [field-sizing:content]"
 							/>
 							{/* flex-1 spacer during rename too, so the chips stay at
@@ -1249,7 +1252,7 @@ export function Chat({
 					<>
 						<Hint
 							// F2 renames (registry) — surfaced on the hover.
-							label="Rename session"
+							label={t("Rename session")}
 							action="rename-session"
 							side="bottom"
 						>
@@ -1273,7 +1276,7 @@ export function Chat({
 					    structure beside the phase chip — access to the full-DAG popup
 					    at every width; the marginalia is the wide-screen glance view. */}
 					{planTree && (
-						<Hint label="Open the full plan" side="bottom">
+						<Hint label={t("Open the full plan")} side="bottom">
 <button
 							type="button"
 							data-testid="plan-chip"
@@ -1284,8 +1287,7 @@ export function Chat({
 							className="lh-no-drag flex shrink-0 cursor-pointer items-center gap-1.5 rounded-full border border-border/80 px-2 py-0.5 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:border-border hover:text-foreground"
 						>
 							<WaypointsIcon className="size-3.5 text-primary" aria-hidden />
-							Plan
-						</button>
+							{t("Plan")}</button>
 </Hint>
 					)}
 					{/* The extraction ring (owner-locked redesign, 2026-09-24): fills
@@ -1306,8 +1308,7 @@ export function Chat({
 							className="pointer-events-none flex shrink-0 select-none items-center gap-1 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground"
 						>
 							<DumbbellIcon className="size-3" />
-							Practice
-						</span>
+							{t("Practice")}</span>
 					) : (
 						<PhaseChip phase={phases.at(-1) ?? "probe"} />
 					)}
@@ -1321,8 +1322,8 @@ export function Chat({
 						<div data-session-find-root="" className={`${COLUMN} flex flex-1 flex-col gap-4 pt-4`}>
 							{messages.length === 0 && !busy && (
 								<ConversationEmptyState
-									title="New session"
-									description="The teacher will open by probing what you already know."
+									title={t("New session")}
+									description={t("The teacher will open by probing what you already know.")}
 								/>
 							)}
 
@@ -1373,8 +1374,7 @@ export function Chat({
 														className="my-4 flex items-center justify-center gap-1.5 font-ui text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground"
 													>
 														<ArrowRightIcon className="size-3" />
-														Next problem
-													</div>
+														{t("Next problem")}</div>
 												);
 											default:
 												return null;
@@ -1432,7 +1432,7 @@ export function Chat({
 												{/* The rail GROUPS (owner round 4, 2026-10-05): the YOU heading
 												    sits INSIDE the rail, same mono-xs register and same 1ch
 												    rail as the thinking rows — one quote geometry. */}
-												<div className="font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">You</div>
+												<div className="font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">{t("You")}</div>
 												<div className="lh-prose whitespace-pre-wrap text-foreground">
 													{m.parts.filter((p) => p.type === "text").map((p) => p.text).join("\n")}
 												</div>
@@ -1465,8 +1465,7 @@ export function Chat({
 												) {
 													return (
 														<SystemLine key={`retry-${pi}`} testId="tool-retry">
-															Retrying…
-														</SystemLine>
+															{t("Retrying…")}</SystemLine>
 													);
 												}
 												switch (part.type) {
@@ -1562,21 +1561,20 @@ export function Chat({
 						    BEFORE beginTurn; the settle kick runs after endTurn). */}
 							{compacting && (
 								<span className="flex items-center gap-2 font-ui text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-									<BrailleSpinner label="Compacting context" />
-									<Shimmer duration={1}>COMPACTING CONTEXT…</Shimmer>
+									<BrailleSpinner label={t("Compacting context")} />
+									<Shimmer duration={1}>{t("COMPACTING CONTEXT…")}</Shimmer>
 								</span>
 							)}
 							{(status === "submitted" || turnInFlight) && (
 								<span className="flex items-center gap-2 font-ui text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-									<BrailleSpinner label="Thinking" />
+									<BrailleSpinner label={t("Thinking")} />
 									<Shimmer duration={1}>
-										THINKING…
-									</Shimmer>
+										{t("THINKING…")}</Shimmer>
 								</span>
 							)}
 							{error && (
 								<div className="rounded-lg border border-destructive/50 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-2 text-sm">
-									Something went wrong: {error.message}
+									{t("Something went wrong:")}{" "}{t(error.message)}
 								</div>
 							)}
 						</div>
@@ -1625,8 +1623,7 @@ export function Chat({
 										onClick={() => setSetupOpen(true)}
 										className="rounded-sm border border-border bg-card px-3 py-1.5 font-ui text-xs text-foreground transition-colors hover:border-muted-foreground/50 hover:bg-accent cursor-pointer"
 									>
-										Set up your models
-									</button>
+										{t("Set up your models")}</button>
 								</div>
 							)
 						)
@@ -1650,7 +1647,7 @@ export function Chat({
 							// applies.
 							nextProblem={nextReady}
 							onNext={sendNext}
-							placeholder={nextReady ? "Ask anything, or press Enter for the next one." : undefined}
+							placeholder={nextReady ? t("Ask anything, or press Enter for the next one.") : undefined}
 						/>
 					}
 					onSubmitAnswer={(output) => {
@@ -1889,6 +1886,7 @@ function DockOverlay({
 	 *  home and /chat/new carry, above the composer while slots are unset. */
 	setupCta?: React.ReactNode;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const { isAtBottom, scrollToBottom, scrollRef } = useStickToBottomContext();
 	// Render-fresh bottom state (flicker round): the arrival block below reads
 	// it DURING RENDER — the same value the after-paint effect used to read a
@@ -2365,7 +2363,7 @@ function DockOverlay({
 				    mid-question unmount), and widening past the floor fades it
 				    back in. */}
 				{pending && plan && (
-					<Hint label="Open the full plan" side="bottom">
+					<Hint label={t("Open the full plan")} side="bottom">
 <button
 						type="button"
 						data-testid="plan-marginalia"

components/compaction-divider.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import type { CompactionDetails } from "@/src/core";
 
@@ -19,11 +21,11 @@ export interface CompactionDividerData {
  *  history was just summarized; the cut divider below carries the seam.
  *  Inert since release polish 2026-10-06 — plain text, no affordance. */
 export function CompactionMomentDivider({ data: _data }: { data: CompactionDividerData }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<div className="flex w-full items-center justify-center py-1">
 			<span data-testid="compaction-divider" className="px-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">
-				Context compacted
-			</span>
+				{t("Context compacted")}</span>
 		</div>
 	);
 }
@@ -35,12 +37,13 @@ export function CompactionMomentDivider({ data: _data }: { data: CompactionDivid
  *  since release polish 2026-10-06 — the token count stays, the summary
  *  is inspectable only in provider logs. */
 export function CompactionCutDivider({ data }: { data: CompactionDividerData }) {
-	const kTok = data.details.tokensBefore > 0 ? ` · ${Math.round(data.details.tokensBefore / 1000)}k tok` : "";
+	const { t } = useI18n();
+	const kTok = data.details.tokensBefore > 0 ? t(" · {v0}k tok", { v0: Math.round(data.details.tokensBefore / 1000) }) : "";
 	return (
 		<div data-testid="compaction-cut-divider" className="my-4 flex w-full items-center gap-3">
 			<span className="h-0 flex-1 border-t-2 border-dotted border-border/50" aria-hidden />
 			<span className="rounded-full border border-border/80 px-2.5 py-0.5 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-				History compacted{kTok}
+				{t("History compacted")}{kTok}
 			</span>
 			<span className="h-0 flex-1 border-t-2 border-dotted border-border/50" aria-hidden />
 		</div>

components/composer-actions.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import type { ReactNode } from "react";
 import { DumbbellIcon } from "lucide-react";
@@ -25,6 +27,7 @@ export function NodePickerControl({ count, onOpen, onClear }: {
 	onOpen?: () => void;
 	onClear?: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
 			<button
@@ -39,7 +42,7 @@ export function NodePickerControl({ count, onOpen, onClear }: {
 				}
 			>
 				<DumbbellIcon aria-hidden="true" className="size-3.5 text-muted-foreground" />
-				{count > 0 ? `${count} ${count === 1 ? "node" : "nodes"} selected` : "Pick nodes"}
+				{count > 0 ? t("{v0} {v1} selected", { v0: count, v1: count === 1 ? "node" : "nodes" }) : t("Pick nodes")}
 			</button>
 			{count > 0 && (
 				<button
@@ -48,8 +51,7 @@ export function NodePickerControl({ count, onOpen, onClear }: {
 					onClick={onClear}
 					className="cursor-pointer rounded-full px-2 py-1 font-ui text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 				>
-					Clear
-				</button>
+					{t("Clear")}</button>
 			)}
 		</div>
 	);

components/composer.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { ArrowRightIcon, CornerDownLeftIcon, SquareIcon } from "lucide-react";
 import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ export function Composer({
 	 *  empty-Enter share it. */
 	onNext?: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const act = () => {
 		const action = enterAction({ busy, canSend, nextProblem });
 		if (action === "stop") onStop();
@@ -113,7 +116,7 @@ export function Composer({
 						act();
 					}
 				}}
-				placeholder={placeholder}
+				placeholder={t(placeholder)}
 				autoFocus={autoFocus}
 				rows={1}
 				className="field-sizing-content lh-input max-h-48 min-h-10 flex-1 resize-none bg-transparent px-2.5 py-2 outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground"
@@ -136,16 +139,15 @@ export function Composer({
 					<button
 						type="submit"
 						data-testid="next-problem-button"
-						aria-label="Next problem"
+						aria-label={t("Next problem")}
 						className="flex h-10 shrink-0 items-center justify-center gap-1.5 rounded-[10px] bg-green-600 px-4 font-ui text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-white transition-colors hover:bg-green-500"
 					>
-						Next problem
-						<ArrowRightIcon className="size-4" />
+						{t("Next problem")}<ArrowRightIcon className="size-4" />
 					</button>
 				) : (
 					<button
 						type="submit"
-						aria-label={busy && !canSend ? "Stop" : "Send"}
+						aria-label={busy && !canSend ? t("Stop") : t("Send")}
 						disabled={!busy && !canSend}
 						className={cn(
 							"flex size-10 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-[10px] transition-colors",

components/delete-node-dialog.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { createPortal } from "react-dom";
@@ -45,17 +47,18 @@ export function DeleteNodeBody({
 	onClose: () => void;
 	onRun: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<div
 			role="dialog"
 			aria-modal="true"
-			aria-label="Delete node"
+			aria-label={t("Delete node")}
 			data-testid="delete-node-dialog"
 			onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
 			className="w-[32rem] max-w-[calc(100vw-2rem)] rounded-xl border bg-card p-5 shadow-xl"
 		>
 			<h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-destructive">
-				{nodes.length === 1 ? "Delete node?" : `Delete ${nodes.length} nodes?`}
+				{nodes.length === 1 ? t("Delete node?") : t("Delete {v0} nodes?", { v0: nodes.length })}
 			</h2>
 			{/* The node name(s) below the title in JetBrains Mono (owner,
 			    2026-09-24): the name is the payload — mono suits it, and
@@ -74,14 +77,14 @@ export function DeleteNodeBody({
 				) : (
 					<code data-testid="node-names-code" className="font-mono text-sm text-foreground">
 						{nodes.slice(0, 8).map((n) => n.name).join(", ")}
-						{nodes.length > 8 ? `, and ${nodes.length - 8} more` : ""}
+						{nodes.length > 8 ? t(", and {v0} more", { v0: nodes.length - 8 }) : ""}
 					</code>
 				)}
 			</div>
 			<p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground" data-testid="node-permanence-line">
 				{nodes.length === 1
-					? "This permanently deletes the node — this cannot be undone."
-					: `This permanently deletes all ${nodes.length} nodes — this cannot be undone.`}
+					? t("This permanently deletes the node — this cannot be undone.")
+					: t("This permanently deletes all {v0} nodes — this cannot be undone.", { v0: nodes.length })}
 			</p>
 			{failure && (
 				<div
@@ -90,7 +93,7 @@ export function DeleteNodeBody({
 					className="mt-3 rounded-sm border border-border/60 px-3 py-2 text-xs"
 				>
 					<span className="text-foreground">
-						{failure.code === "extraction_running" ? EXTRACTION_RETRY_LINE : failure.error}
+						{t(failure.code === "extraction_running" ? EXTRACTION_RETRY_LINE : failure.error)}
 					</span>
 					<button
 						type="button"
@@ -99,8 +102,7 @@ export function DeleteNodeBody({
 						disabled={busy}
 						className="ml-3 text-xs text-foreground underline-offset-2 hover:underline disabled:opacity-40"
 					>
-						Try again
-					</button>
+						{t("Try again")}</button>
 				</div>
 			)}
 			<div className="mt-4 flex justify-end gap-2">
@@ -111,8 +113,7 @@ export function DeleteNodeBody({
 					disabled={busy}
 					className="rounded-sm px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-40"
 				>
-					Cancel
-				</button>
+					{t("Cancel")}</button>
 				<button
 					type="button"
 					data-testid="node-delete-confirm"
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ export function DeleteNodeBody({
 					// refusal banner): border + text, fill on hover.
 					className="rounded-sm border border-destructive/50 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-destructive transition-colors hover:bg-destructive/20 disabled:opacity-40"
 				>
-					{busy ? "Deleting…" : "Delete"}
+					{busy ? t("Deleting…") : t("Delete")}
 				</button>
 			</div>
 		</div>
@@ -146,6 +147,7 @@ export function DeleteNodeDialog({
 	 *  selection-side callers can prune. */
 	onDeleted: (nodeIds: string[], graphRevision: number) => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
 	const backdropDismiss = useBackdropDismiss(() => {
 		if (!busy) onClose();

components/delete-session-dialog.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { createPortal } from "react-dom";
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ export function DeleteSessionDialog({
 	/** Success path — the sidebar owns navigation + list patching. */
 	onDeleted: (id: string, mode: ChatDeleteMode, graphRevision: number) => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [traces, setTraces] = useState(false);
 	const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
 	const backdropDismiss = useBackdropDismiss(() => {
@@ -155,16 +158,17 @@ export function DeleteSessionBody({
 	onClose: () => void;
 	onRun: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<div
 			role="dialog"
 			aria-modal="true"
-			aria-label="Delete session"
+			aria-label={t("Delete session")}
 			data-testid="delete-session-dialog"
 			onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
 			className="w-[32rem] max-w-[calc(100vw-2rem)] rounded-xl border bg-card p-5 shadow-xl"
 		>
-			<h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-destructive">Delete session?</h2>
+			<h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-destructive">{t("Delete session?")}</h2>
 			{/* The session name below the title in JetBrains Mono (owner,
 			    2026-09-24): no code-block chrome — the font already says
 			    code. Owner, 2026-10-13 polish: normal text-sm size (was
@@ -176,9 +180,7 @@ export function DeleteSessionBody({
 				</code>
 			</div>
 			<p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-				This permanently removes the session — its messages, background jobs, and extraction records. Everything
-				it added to the graph stays unless you check below. This cannot be undone.
-			</p>
+				{t("This permanently removes the session — its messages, background jobs, and extraction records. Everything it added to the graph stays unless you check below. This cannot be undone.")}</p>
 			<label
 				data-testid={TRACES_COPY.testid}
 				className="mt-4 flex cursor-pointer items-start gap-2.5 rounded-lg border border-border/60 px-4 py-3"
@@ -192,8 +194,8 @@ export function DeleteSessionBody({
 					className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 accent-primary"
 				/>
 				<span className="min-w-0">
-					<span className="block text-sm text-foreground">{TRACES_COPY.title}</span>
-					<span className="mt-1 block text-xs text-muted-foreground">{TRACES_COPY.body}</span>
+					<span className="block text-sm text-foreground">{t(TRACES_COPY.title)}</span>
+					<span className="mt-1 block text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t(TRACES_COPY.body)}</span>
 				</span>
 			</label>
 			{failure && (
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ export function DeleteSessionBody({
 					data-testid="delete-failure"
 					className="mt-3 rounded-sm border border-border/60 px-3 py-2 text-xs"
 				>
-					<span className="text-foreground">{failure.error}</span>
+					<span className="text-foreground">{t(failure.error)}</span>
 					<button
 						type="button"
 						data-testid="delete-retry"
@@ -210,8 +212,7 @@ export function DeleteSessionBody({
 						disabled={busy}
 						className="ml-3 text-xs text-foreground underline-offset-2 hover:underline disabled:opacity-40"
 					>
-						Try again
-					</button>
+						{t("Try again")}</button>
 				</div>
 			)}
 			{/* The node dialog's exact bottom row: quiet Cancel, destructive
@@ -225,8 +226,7 @@ export function DeleteSessionBody({
 					disabled={busy}
 					className="rounded-sm px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-40"
 				>
-					Cancel
-				</button>
+					{t("Cancel")}</button>
 				<button
 					type="button"
 					data-testid="delete-confirm"
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ export function DeleteSessionBody({
 					disabled={busy}
 					className="rounded-sm border border-destructive/50 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-destructive transition-colors hover:bg-destructive/20 disabled:opacity-40"
 				>
-					{busy ? "Deleting…" : "Delete"}
+					{busy ? t("Deleting…") : t("Delete")}
 				</button>
 			</div>
 		</div>

components/dictation.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { Loader2Icon, MicIcon } from "lucide-react";
 import { useSettingsDialog } from "@/components/settings/settings-dialog";
+import { dictationUrl, type Language } from "@/src/core";
+import { LanguageSelect, useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
 import { Hint } from "@/components/ui/hint";
 
 /**
@@ -86,15 +88,7 @@ import { Hint } from "@/components/ui/hint";
  * endpointing=300, no interims. Silence streams too (the worklet never
  * pauses), so the socket never idles — no KeepAlive needed.
  */
-const DG_URL =
-	"wss://api.deepgram.com/v1/listen" +
-	"?model=nova-3" +
-	"&encoding=linear16" +
-	"&sample_rate=16000" +
-	"&channels=1" +
-	"&smart_format=true" +
-	"&punctuate=true" +
-	"&endpointing=300";
+
 
 /** Meter tuning — the owner's tested values, see the file header. */
 const METER_FLOOR_DB = -50;
@@ -285,6 +279,10 @@ export type Dictation = {
  * question waits.
  */
 export function useDictation({ append }: { append: (text: string) => void }): Dictation {
+	const { sttLanguage, setDictating } = useI18n();
+	const selectedLanguage = useRef(sttLanguage);
+	selectedLanguage.current = sttLanguage;
+	const recordingLanguage = useRef<Language>(sttLanguage);
 	const [phase, setPhase] = useState<DictationPhase>("idle");
 	const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 	/** Latest RMS from the worklet — the meter samples this (dictate pattern). */
@@ -330,6 +328,7 @@ export function useDictation({ append }: { append: (text: string) => void }): Di
 	const cleanup = useCallback(() => {
 		genRef.current++;
 		dictationActiveFlag = false;
+		setDictating(false);
 		flush(); // the deferred transcript appears when the run ends (owner round 2)
 		if (safetyRef.current) {
 			clearTimeout(safetyRef.current);
@@ -366,7 +365,7 @@ export function useDictation({ append }: { append: (text: string) => void }): Di
 			// Minted JWTs authenticate via the "bearer" subprotocol — ["token",
 			// jwt] is rejected at the handshake (verified live; "token" is for
 			// raw API keys only, as in the owner's pi dictate extension).
-			const ws = new WebSocket(DG_URL, ["bearer", token]);
+			const ws = new WebSocket(dictationUrl(recordingLanguage.current), ["bearer", token]);
 			wsRef.current = ws;
 
 			ws.addEventListener("open", () => {
@@ -426,6 +425,8 @@ export function useDictation({ append }: { append: (text: string) => void }): Di
 	);
 
 	const start = useCallback(async () => {
+		recordingLanguage.current = selectedLanguage.current;
+		setDictating(true);
 		dictationActiveFlag = true;
 		setError(null);
 		setPhase("connecting");
@@ -622,6 +623,7 @@ export function useDictation({ append }: { append: (text: string) => void }): Di
  *             (full text in the tooltip), cleared on the next click.
  */
 export function DictationBar({ dictation }: { dictation: Dictation }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const { phase, error, levelRef, toggle, active, clearError } = dictation;
 	const { open: openSettings } = useSettingsDialog();
 	/** The keyless click (zero-keys wave, owner dictation trio): the errored
@@ -673,12 +675,13 @@ export function DictationBar({ dictation }: { dictation: Dictation }) {
 
 	if (!active) {
 		return (
+			<div className="flex w-full min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5">
 			<Hint
 				// Errored: the button span truncates the line — the tooltip is its
 				// full reveal (the keyless line KEEPS "Deepgram" — owner overrule:
 				// it's the Keys row label, the truth the user needs). Otherwise the
 				// quiet label + the live ⌘D binding.
-				label={error ?? "Dictate"}
+				label={error ? t(error) : t("Dictate")}
 				action={error ? undefined : "toggle-dictation"}
 				side="top"
 			>
@@ -692,16 +695,18 @@ export function DictationBar({ dictation }: { dictation: Dictation }) {
 							toggle();
 						}
 					}}
-					aria-label={error ? `Dictation failed: ${error}` : "Start dictation"}
+					aria-label={error ? t("Dictation failed: {v0}", { v0: error }) : t("Start dictation")}
 					data-testid="dictation-toggle"
 				// Same blurring as the floating chrome (owner, fix wave round 3),
 			// but lower opacity — the mic stays quieter than the model pills.
 			className="flex h-7 w-full items-center justify-center gap-1.5 rounded-md border border-border/50 bg-card/50 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 shadow-lg backdrop-blur transition-colors hover:border-border hover:text-muted-foreground"
 			>
 					<MicIcon className="size-3.5" />
-					<span className="max-w-full truncate">{error ?? "Dictate"}</span>
+					<span className="max-w-full truncate">{error ? t(error) : t("Dictate")}</span>
 				</button>
 			</Hint>
+			<LanguageSelect field="sttLanguage" compact />
+			</div>
 		);
 	}
 
@@ -710,14 +715,14 @@ export function DictationBar({ dictation }: { dictation: Dictation }) {
 			<Hint
 				// The owner flagged this copy good ("Stop dictation (Esc)") —
 				// kept verbatim; only the machinery moved to the styled tooltip.
-				label="Stop dictation (Esc)"
+				label={t("Stop dictation (Esc)")}
 				side="top"
 			>
 				<button
 					type="button"
 					onClick={toggle}
 					disabled={phase === "stopping"}
-					aria-label="Stop dictation"
+					aria-label={t("Stop dictation")}
 				data-testid="dictation-toggle"
 				className="flex h-7 shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md bg-destructive/10 px-2 text-xs font-medium text-destructive transition-colors hover:bg-destructive/20"
 			>
@@ -726,13 +731,13 @@ export function DictationBar({ dictation }: { dictation: Dictation }) {
 				) : (
 					<MicIcon className="size-3.5" />
 				)}
-					Stop
-				</button>
+					{t("Stop")}</button>
 			</Hint>
 			<span className="size-1.5 shrink-0 animate-pulse rounded-full bg-destructive" aria-hidden />
 			{/* Fixed width while recording — nothing ever appends text beside it
 			    (no interims, owner round 1). Cells carry no minimum width; the
 			    COUNT adapts to the measured row space (owner round 2). */}
+			<LanguageSelect field="sttLanguage" compact disabled />
 			<div ref={meterRef} className="flex h-4 min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-[2px]" data-testid="dictation-meter">
 				{levels.slice(-cellCount).map((v, i) => (
 					<span

components/extraction-coverage.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useActivity } from "@/components/activity-dock";
@@ -183,6 +185,7 @@ export function CoverageMenuBody({
 	extracting: boolean;
 	onExtract: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const busy = coverage.running || extracting;
 	const complete = coverage.uncoveredTokens === 0 && coverage.uncoveredCount === 0;
 	return (
@@ -190,17 +193,15 @@ export function CoverageMenuBody({
 			{busy ? (
 				<span className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-muted-foreground" data-testid="ctx-coverage-running">
 					<span className="size-1.5 animate-pulse rounded-full bg-foreground/70" aria-hidden />
-					extracting…
-				</span>
+					{t("extracting…")}</span>
 			) : complete ? (
-				<span className="text-muted-foreground">fully extracted</span>
+				<span className="text-muted-foreground">{t("fully extracted")}</span>
 			) : (
 				<span className="flex flex-col">
 					<span className="tabular-nums text-foreground">
-						{formatTokens(coverage.uncoveredTokens)} tok uncovered
-					</span>
+						{formatTokens(coverage.uncoveredTokens, language)}{" "}{t("tok uncovered")}</span>
 					<span className="tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
-						{coverage.uncoveredCount} message{coverage.uncoveredCount === 1 ? "" : "s"} unextracted
+						{t("{count} messages unextracted", { count: coverage.uncoveredCount })}
 					</span>
 				</span>
 			)}
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ export function CoverageMenuBody({
 				disabled={busy || complete}
 				className="flex items-center justify-center rounded-lg border px-2 py-1 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-40 disabled:hover:bg-transparent"
 			>
-				{busy ? "Running" : "Extract"}
+				{busy ? t("Running") : t("Extract")}
 			</button>
 		</div>
 	);
@@ -241,6 +242,7 @@ export function ringFill(uncoveredTokens: number, chunkTokens: number): number {
  * threshold/kill-switch re-read live).
  */
 export function CoverageRing({ chatId, refreshKey = 0 }: { chatId: string; refreshKey?: number }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [graph, setGraph] = useState<GraphRead | null>(null);
 	const [coverage, setCoverage] = useState<SessionCoverage | null>(null);
 	const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
@@ -301,7 +303,7 @@ export function CoverageRing({ chatId, refreshKey = 0 }: { chatId: string; refre
 		<div ref={rootRef} className="lh-no-drag relative shrink-0">
 			<Hint
 				// Trimmed (owner, subtlety round 2026-09-25).
-				label="How much of this session isn't mapped yet"
+				label={t("How much of this session isn't mapped yet")}
 				side="bottom"
 			>
 				<button
@@ -359,46 +361,43 @@ export function CoverageRingGlyph({ fill, running }: { fill: number; running: bo
  *  covered/uncovered tokens, message coverage, the threshold, the last
  *  fold's age. */
 export function CoverageRingDetail({ coverage, chunkTokens }: { coverage: SessionCoverage; chunkTokens: number }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<>
 			<div className="mb-2 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-				Extraction coverage
-			</div>
+				{t("Extraction coverage")}</div>
 			<div className="flex flex-col gap-1 text-muted-foreground">
 				<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-					<span>Uncovered</span>
+					<span>{t("Uncovered")}</span>
 					<span className="tabular-nums text-card-foreground">
-						{formatTokens(coverage.uncoveredTokens)} tokens
-					</span>
+						{formatTokens(coverage.uncoveredTokens, language)}{" "}{t("tokens")}</span>
 				</div>
 				<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-					<span>Covered</span>
+					<span>{t("Covered")}</span>
 					<span className="tabular-nums text-card-foreground">
-						{formatTokens(coverage.coveredTokens)} tokens
-					</span>
+						{formatTokens(coverage.coveredTokens, language)}{" "}{t("tokens")}</span>
 				</div>
 				<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-					<span>Messages</span>
+					<span>{t("Messages")}</span>
 					<span className="tabular-nums text-card-foreground">
 						{coverage.coveredCount} / {coverage.totalMessages}
 					</span>
 				</div>
 				<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-					<span>Chunk threshold</span>
+					<span>{t("Chunk threshold")}</span>
 					<span className="tabular-nums text-card-foreground">
-						{formatTokens(chunkTokens)} tokens
-					</span>
+						{formatTokens(chunkTokens, language)}{" "}{t("tokens")}</span>
 				</div>
 				<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-					<span>Last extraction</span>
+					<span>{t("Last extraction")}</span>
 					<span className="tabular-nums text-card-foreground">
 						{coverage.lastFoldedAt ? timeAgo(coverage.lastFoldedAt) : "—"}
 					</span>
 				</div>
 				{coverage.running && (
 					<div className="flex justify-between gap-2" data-testid="coverage-ring-running">
-						<span>Status</span>
-						<span className="text-card-foreground">extracting…</span>
+						<span>{t("Status")}</span>
+						<span className="text-card-foreground">{t("extracting…")}</span>
 					</div>
 				)}
 			</div>

components/graph-context-card.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 "use client";
+import { countLabel } from "@/src/core";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { ChevronRightIcon } from "lucide-react";
@@ -21,9 +24,10 @@ export interface GraphContextData {
 }
 
 export function GraphContextCard({ data }: { data: GraphContextData }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
 	const { propositions = [], chains = [] } = data ?? {};
-	const noun = (n: number, one: string, many: string) => `${n} ${n === 1 ? one : many}`;
+	const noun = (n: number, one: string, many: string) => countLabel(language, n, one, many);
 	return (
 		<div data-testid="graph-context-card" className="my-1">
 			<button
@@ -33,7 +37,7 @@ export function GraphContextCard({ data }: { data: GraphContextData }) {
 				className="flex w-full cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed border-border/70 px-3 py-2 text-left text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
 			>
 				<ChevronRightIcon aria-hidden="true" className={cn("size-3.5 shrink-0 transition-transform", open && "rotate-90")} />
-				<span className="font-medium">Graph context</span>
+				<span className="font-medium">{t("Graph context")}</span>
 				<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">
 					{noun(propositions.length, "proposition", "propositions")}
 					{chains.length > 0 ? ` · ${noun(chains.length, "chain", "chains")}` : ""}

components/graph-view.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 "use client";
+import { translator, countLabel, type Language } from "@/src/core";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 /**
  * The home knowledge-graph view (W4; vision §1 "Rendering (DECIDED)").
@@ -276,7 +279,8 @@ function SettingSlider({
 }
 
 /** Compact token display: 45231 → "45.2k"; absent → "—". */
-function fmtTokens(n: number | undefined): string {
+function fmtTokens(n: number | undefined, language: Language = "en"): string {
+	if (language === "ru" && n !== undefined) return new Intl.NumberFormat("ru-RU", { notation: "compact", maximumFractionDigits: 1 }).format(n);
 	if (n === undefined) return "—";
 	if (n < 1000) return String(Math.round(n));
 	if (n < 1_000_000) return `${(n / 1000).toFixed(1)}k`;
@@ -284,29 +288,30 @@ function fmtTokens(n: number | undefined): string {
 }
 
 /** Relative time for run rows: "now", "12m", "3h", "2d". */
-function timeAgo(startedAt: number): string {
+function timeAgo(startedAt: number, language: Language = "en"): string {
+	const t = translator(language);
 	const mins = Math.round((Date.now() - startedAt) / 60_000);
-	if (mins < 1) return "now";
-	if (mins < 60) return `${mins}m`;
+	if (mins < 1) return t("now");
+	if (mins < 60) return t("{v0}m", { v0: mins });
 	const hours = Math.round(mins / 60);
-	if (hours < 24) return `${hours}h`;
-	return `${Math.round(hours / 24)}d`;
+	if (hours < 24) return t("{v0}h", { v0: hours });
+	return t("{v0}d", { v0: Math.round(hours / 24) });
 }
 
 /** Run/stage cost at 3 decimals (pipeline pennies are real money at this
  *  scale); headline totals use 2. Null (unpriced model) renders "—". */
-function fmtRunCost(dollars: number | null, providers: readonly string[] = []): string {
-	return planCostLabel(dollars, providers, (value) => `$${value.toFixed(3)}`);
+function fmtRunCost(dollars: number | null, providers: readonly string[] = [], language: Language = "en"): string {
+	return planCostLabel(dollars, providers, (value) => language === "ru" ? `${value.toLocaleString("ru-RU", { minimumFractionDigits: 3, maximumFractionDigits: 3 })} $` : `$${value.toFixed(3)}`);
 }
 function graphProviders(value: { subscriptionRuns?: number; subscriptionProviders?: string[] }): string[] {
 	return value.subscriptionProviders ?? ((value.subscriptionRuns ?? 0) > 0 ? ["ChatGPT"] : []);
 }
-function graphUsageLabel(costs: Pick<GraphCostSummary, "stages">): string {
+function graphUsageLabel(costs: Pick<GraphCostSummary, "stages">, language: Language = "en"): string {
 	const stages = [costs.stages.extraction, costs.stages.audit];
 	const providers = [...new Set(stages.flatMap(graphProviders))];
 	const priced = stages.some((stage) => stage.runs - stage.unpricedRuns - (stage.subscriptionRuns ?? 0) > 0);
 	const dollars = displayCostTotals(costs).totalDollars;
-	return planCostLabel(priced ? dollars : null, providers, (value) => `$${value.toFixed(2)}`);
+	return planCostLabel(priced ? dollars : null, providers, (value) => language === "ru" ? `${value.toLocaleString("ru-RU", { minimumFractionDigits: 2, maximumFractionDigits: 2 })} $` : `$${value.toFixed(2)}`);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -340,6 +345,7 @@ export function displayCostTotals(costs: Pick<GraphCostSummary, "stages">): {
 /** Exported for the chains home (graph rendering off, owner
  * 2026-10-06): the same bare cumulative-dollars pill + panel. */
 export function GraphCostControl({ costs }: { costs: GraphCostSummary }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
 	// Click anywhere outside (or Escape) closes the panel — the root
 	// wraps button + panel, so the toggle itself keeps working.
@@ -349,7 +355,7 @@ export function GraphCostControl({ costs }: { costs: GraphCostSummary }) {
 		<div ref={rootRef} className="relative">
 			<Hint
 				// Trimmed (owner, subtlety round 2026-09-25).
-				label="Graph costs — click for details"
+				label={t("Graph costs — click for details")}
 				side="bottom"
 			>
 				<button
@@ -360,7 +366,7 @@ export function GraphCostControl({ costs }: { costs: GraphCostSummary }) {
 					open ? "text-foreground" : "text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
 				}`}
 			>
-				{graphUsageLabel(costs)}
+				{graphUsageLabel(costs, language)}
 			</button>
 			</Hint>
 			{open && (
@@ -383,9 +389,10 @@ export function GraphCostControl({ costs }: { costs: GraphCostSummary }) {
  * naming-kind runs never reach the list.
  */
 function GraphCostPanel({ costs }: { costs: GraphCostSummary }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const stageRows: [string, GraphCostSummary["stages"]["extraction"]][] = [
-		["Extraction", costs.stages.extraction],
-		["Audit", costs.stages.audit],
+		[t("Extraction"), costs.stages.extraction],
+		[t("Audit"), costs.stages.audit],
 	];
 	// The displayed figures come from displayCostTotals (naming excluded —
 	// the pill and this panel must agree).
@@ -394,12 +401,11 @@ function GraphCostPanel({ costs }: { costs: GraphCostSummary }) {
 		<div className="w-80 max-w-[calc(100vw-1.5rem)] rounded-xl border bg-card/95 p-3 text-xs shadow-lg backdrop-blur">
 			<div className="mb-2 flex items-baseline justify-between">
 				<span className="text-[10px] font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-					Graph pipeline costs
-				</span>
+					{t("Graph pipeline costs")}</span>
 				<span className="text-foreground tabular-nums">
-					{graphUsageLabel(costs)}
+					{graphUsageLabel(costs, language)}
 					{unpricedRuns > 0 && (
-						<span className="text-muted-foreground"> · {unpricedRuns} unpriced</span>
+						<span className="text-muted-foreground"> · {unpricedRuns}{" "}{t("unpriced")}</span>
 					)}
 				</span>
 			</div>
@@ -408,14 +414,13 @@ function GraphCostPanel({ costs }: { costs: GraphCostSummary }) {
 					<div key={label} className="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-2 text-[11px]">
 						<span className="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground">{label}</span>
 						<span className="min-w-0 text-right tabular-nums">
-							{fmtRunCost(stage.runs - stage.unpricedRuns - (stage.subscriptionRuns ?? 0) <= 0 ? null : stage.dollars, graphProviders(stage))}
+							{fmtRunCost(stage.runs - stage.unpricedRuns - (stage.subscriptionRuns ?? 0) <= 0 ? null : stage.dollars, graphProviders(stage), language)}
 							{stage.unpricedRuns > 0 && (stage.runs - stage.unpricedRuns - (stage.subscriptionRuns ?? 0) > 0 || (stage.subscriptionRuns ?? 0) > 0) && (
-								<span className="text-muted-foreground"> +{stage.unpricedRuns} unpriced</span>
+								<span className="text-muted-foreground"> +{stage.unpricedRuns}{" "}{t("unpriced")}</span>
 							)}
 							<span className="text-muted-foreground">
 								{" "}
-								· {fmtTokens(stage.tokens.inputTokens)} in / {fmtTokens(stage.tokens.outputTokens)} out
-							</span>
+								· {fmtTokens(stage.tokens.inputTokens, language)}{" "}{t("in /")}{" "}{fmtTokens(stage.tokens.outputTokens, language)}{" "}{t("out")}</span>
 						</span>
 					</div>
 				))}
@@ -424,16 +429,16 @@ function GraphCostPanel({ costs }: { costs: GraphCostSummary }) {
 				{costs.runs.map((run) => (
 						<div key={run.startedAt} className="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-2 text-[11px]">
 							<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-muted-foreground">
-								<span className="text-foreground/70">{timeAgo(run.startedAt)}</span>{" "}
+								<span className="text-foreground/70">{timeAgo(run.startedAt, language)}</span>{" "}
 								{run.title}
 								{run.merged && (
 									<span className="text-muted-foreground">
 										{" "}
-										+{run.merged.nodes}n
+										+{language === "ru" ? countLabel(language, run.merged.nodes, "node", "nodes") : `${run.merged.nodes}n`}
 									</span>
 								)}
 							</span>
-							<span className="shrink-0 tabular-nums">{fmtRunCost(run.dollars, graphProviders(run))}{run.dollars === null && run.subscriptionRuns === 1 ? " +1 unpriced" : ""}</span>
+							<span className="shrink-0 tabular-nums">{fmtRunCost(run.dollars, graphProviders(run), language)}{run.dollars === null && run.subscriptionRuns === 1 ? t(" +1 unpriced") : ""}</span>
 						</div>
 					))}
 			</div>
@@ -454,6 +459,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 	settings: GraphRenderSettings;
 	changeSettings: (update: (cur: RenderSettings) => RenderSettings) => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
 	// Click anywhere outside (or Escape) closes the panel (2026-09-17) —
 	// the root wraps button + panel, so the toggle itself keeps working.
@@ -465,7 +471,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 		<div ref={rootRef} className="relative">
 			<Hint
 				// User language (tooltip wave) — "rendering" is internal.
-				label="Graph display settings"
+				label={t("Graph display settings")}
 				side="bottom"
 			>
 				<button
@@ -498,7 +504,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 							    number — src/core/render-settings.ts). Physics keeps the
 							    fine-grained log sliders (step 5). */}
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Node size"
+								label={t("Node size")}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
 								step={10}
@@ -508,7 +514,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 									changeSettings((cur) => ({ ...cur, nodeSize: fromLadderPosition(p, NODE_SIZE_LADDER) }))}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Edge width"
+								label={t("Edge width")}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
 								step={10}
@@ -518,7 +524,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 									changeSettings((cur) => ({ ...cur, edgeWidth: fromLadderPosition(p, EDGE_WIDTH_LADDER) }))}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Arrowhead size"
+								label={t("Arrowhead size")}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
 								step={10}
@@ -528,7 +534,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 									changeSettings((cur) => ({ ...cur, arrowLength: fromLadderPosition(p, ARROW_LENGTH_LADDER) }))}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Label size"
+								label={t("Label size")}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
 								step={10}
@@ -539,7 +545,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 							/>
 							{/* Display is absolute (ratio / 0.5): "1×" is the default, dead-center (owner, 2026-10-07). */}
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Labels until zoom"
+								label={t("Labels until zoom")}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
 								step={10}
@@ -557,10 +563,9 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 						    the paint. */}
 						<div className="mt-1.5 flex flex-col gap-1.5 border-t pt-1.5">
 							<span className="text-[10px] font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-								Regions
-							</span>
+								{t("Regions")}</span>
 							<label className="flex cursor-pointer items-center justify-between text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
-								<span>Background colors</span>
+								<span>{t("Background colors")}</span>
 								<input
 									type="checkbox"
 									checked={settings.regions.enabled}
@@ -573,7 +578,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 								/>
 							</label>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Dilation"
+								label={t("Dilation")}
 								disabled={!regionTuning.enabled}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
@@ -587,7 +592,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 									}))}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Blur"
+								label={t("Blur")}
 								disabled={!regionTuning.enabled}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
@@ -602,7 +607,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 								}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Edge alpha"
+								label={t("Edge alpha")}
 								disabled={!regionTuning.enabled}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
@@ -618,7 +623,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 							<label
 								className={`flex items-center justify-between gap-2 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground${!regionTuning.enabled ? " opacity-40" : ""}`}
 							>
-								<span>Bitmap resolution</span>
+								<span>{t("Bitmap resolution")}</span>
 								<select
 									disabled={!regionTuning.enabled}
 									className="rounded-md border bg-background px-1.5 py-0.5 text-xs tabular-nums text-foreground"
@@ -643,7 +648,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 							    their own clusterLabels toggle. Size is screen px
 							    (constant at any zoom, unlike node labels). */}
 							<label className="flex cursor-pointer items-center justify-between text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
-								<span>Cluster labels</span>
+								<span>{t("Cluster labels")}</span>
 								<input
 									type="checkbox"
 									checked={settings.clusterLabels}
@@ -652,7 +657,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 								/>
 							</label>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Cluster label size"
+								label={t("Cluster label size")}
 								disabled={!settings.clusterLabels}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
@@ -678,10 +683,9 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 						    anchor + its gray-out-able controls last. */}
 						<div className="mt-1.5 flex flex-col gap-1.5 border-t pt-1.5">
 							<span className="text-[10px] font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-								Physics
-							</span>
+								{t("Physics")}</span>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Node repulsion"
+								label={t("Node repulsion")}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
 								step={5}
@@ -694,7 +698,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 									}))}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Edge attraction"
+								label={t("Edge attraction")}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
 								step={5}
@@ -707,7 +711,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 									}))}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Edge length"
+								label={t("Edge length")}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
 								step={5}
@@ -720,7 +724,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 									}))}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Central pull"
+								label={t("Central pull")}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
 								step={5}
@@ -733,12 +737,12 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 									}))}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Cluster pull"
+								label={t("Cluster pull")}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
 								step={5}
 								value={toOffSliderPosition(physicsTuning.clusterPull, CLUSTER_PULL_RANGE.min, CLUSTER_PULL_RANGE.max)}
-								display={physicsTuning.clusterPull <= 0 ? "off" : sizeDisplay(physicsTuning.clusterPull)}
+								display={physicsTuning.clusterPull <= 0 ? t("off") : sizeDisplay(physicsTuning.clusterPull)}
 								onChange={(p) =>
 									changeSettings((cur) => ({
 										...cur,
@@ -746,7 +750,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 									}))}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Friction"
+								label={t("Friction")}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
 								step={5}
@@ -763,8 +767,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 							    controls at the very bottom — the grayed group reads
 							    as a self-contained sub-section. */}
 							<label className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 text-xs">
-								Depth anchor
-								<select
+								{t("Depth anchor")}<select
 									className="rounded border bg-background px-1 py-0.5 text-xs"
 									value={physicsTuning.depthMode}
 									onChange={(e) =>
@@ -774,13 +777,13 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 										}))
 									}
 								>
-									<option value="off">Off</option>
-									<option value="vertical">Vertical (up)</option>
-									<option value="radial">Radial (outward)</option>
+									<option value="off">{t("Off")}</option>
+									<option value="vertical">{t("Vertical (up)")}</option>
+									<option value="radial">{t("Radial (outward)")}</option>
 								</select>
 							</label>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Depth strength"
+								label={t("Depth strength")}
 								disabled={physicsTuning.depthMode === "off"}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
@@ -794,7 +797,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 									}))}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Depth spacing"
+								label={t("Depth spacing")}
 								disabled={physicsTuning.depthMode === "off"}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
@@ -808,7 +811,7 @@ function GraphSettingsControl({
 									}))}
 							/>
 							<SettingSlider
-								label="Base ring radius"
+								label={t("Base ring radius")}
 								disabled={physicsTuning.depthMode !== "radial"}
 								min={0}
 								max={100}
@@ -866,13 +869,14 @@ export function GraphChromeRow({
 	 *  2026-09-29). */
 	onOpenChains: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<>
 			{!isEmpty && (
 				<div className="graph-chrome-fade-in w-56 min-w-0 shrink rounded-xl border bg-card/85 px-1 py-[3px] shadow-lg backdrop-blur">
 					<Hint
 						// ⌘F focuses node search (surface-scoped registry action).
-						label="Search nodes"
+						label={t("Search nodes")}
 						action="find"
 						side="bottom"
 					>
@@ -882,15 +886,15 @@ export function GraphChromeRow({
 							ref={searchInputRef}
 							value={query}
 							onChange={(e) => onQuery(e.target.value)}
-							placeholder="Search nodes…"
-							aria-label="Search nodes"
+							placeholder={t("Search nodes…")}
+							aria-label={t("Search nodes")}
 							spellCheck={false}
 							className="h-7 w-full rounded-lg border bg-background pl-8 text-xs outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground focus:border-ring"
 						/>
 					</div>
 					</Hint>
 					{noMatch && (
-						<div className="px-1.5 pt-1 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">No matching nodes.</div>
+						<div className="px-1.5 pt-1 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">{t("No matching nodes.")}</div>
 					)}
 				</div>
 			)}
@@ -898,7 +902,7 @@ export function GraphChromeRow({
 			    container (36px band), between the search and Import. */}
 			{!isEmpty && (
 				<div className="graph-chrome-fade-in shrink-0 rounded-xl border bg-card/85 px-1 py-[3px] shadow-lg backdrop-blur">
-					<Hint label="Every reasoning chain" side="bottom">
+					<Hint label={t("Every reasoning chain")} side="bottom">
 						<button
 							type="button"
 							onClick={onOpenChains}
@@ -906,8 +910,7 @@ export function GraphChromeRow({
 							className="flex h-7 items-center gap-1.5 rounded-lg px-2.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent"
 						>
 							<ListTreeIcon className="size-3" />
-							Chains
-						</button>
+							{t("Chains")}</button>
 					</Hint>
 				</div>
 			)}
@@ -929,7 +932,7 @@ export function GraphChromeRow({
 					// The one button whose action isn't obvious from its label:
 					// the missing fact is where imports go (owner, subtlety
 					// round 2026-09-25).
-					label="Import notes into the graph"
+					label={t("Import notes into the graph")}
 					side="bottom"
 				>
 					<button
@@ -940,7 +943,7 @@ export function GraphChromeRow({
 					className="flex h-7 items-center gap-1.5 rounded-lg px-2.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent disabled:opacity-50"
 				>
 						<UploadIcon className="size-3" />
-						{importing ? "Importing…" : "Import notes…"}
+						{importing ? t("Importing…") : t("Import notes…")}
 					</button>
 				</Hint>
 			</div>
@@ -974,6 +977,7 @@ export function GraphView({
 	onPracticeSelectionChange?: (nodes: { id: string; name: string; statement: string }[]) => void;
 	onChainSelectClose?: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
 	const canvasRef = useRef<HTMLCanvasElement | null>(null);
 	const cardRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
@@ -1498,10 +1502,9 @@ export function GraphView({
 				<div className="flex h-full w-full items-center justify-center px-4">
 					<div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-3 text-center text-muted-foreground">
 						<WaypointsIcon className="size-10 opacity-40" strokeWidth={1.25} />
-						<div className="text-lg font-medium text-foreground">Knowledge graph</div>
+						<div className="text-lg font-medium text-foreground">{t("Knowledge graph")}</div>
 						<p className="max-w-sm text-sm">
-							Start a session or import notes to build your graph.
-						</p>
+							{t("Start a session or import notes to build your graph.")}</p>
 					</div>
 				</div>
 			) : (
@@ -1541,8 +1544,7 @@ export function GraphView({
 						}}
 						className="flex items-center rounded-lg px-2.5 py-1.5 text-left text-muted-foreground/80 transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 					>
-						Delete
-					</button>
+						{t("Delete")}</button>
 				</MenuShell>
 			)}
 
@@ -1630,9 +1632,9 @@ export function GraphView({
 					className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-full border bg-card/85 px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground shadow-lg backdrop-blur"
 				>
 					<Loader2Icon className="size-3.5 shrink-0 animate-spin" />
-					<span className="capitalize">{run.phase}</span>
+					<span className="capitalize">{t(run.phase)}</span>
 					<span className="max-w-48 truncate text-foreground">{run.title}</span>
-					<span className="tabular-nums">{Math.max(0, Math.round((Date.now() - run.startedAt) / 1000))}s</span>
+					<span className="tabular-nums">{t("{v0}s", { v0: Math.max(0, Math.round((Date.now() - run.startedAt) / 1000)) })}</span>
 				</div>
 			))}
 			</div>
@@ -1652,7 +1654,7 @@ export function GraphView({
 					<div className="mt-1 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">{selected.node.statement}</div>
 					{selected.sourceIds.length > 0 ? (
 						<div className="mt-3 flex flex-col gap-1">
-							<div className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Sessions</div>
+							<div className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Sessions")}</div>
 							{selected.sourceIds.map((sourceId) => {
 								// An imported-notes file: a STATIC entry — the path,
 								// plain text, never a link (no session to open).
@@ -1681,7 +1683,7 @@ export function GraphView({
 							})}
 						</div>
 					) : (
-						<div className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">No sessions recorded.</div>
+						<div className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("No sessions recorded.")}</div>
 					)}
 				</div>
 			)}

components/home.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useRouter } from "next/navigation";
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ export function Home({
 	 * changing the setting applies on the next visit home. */
 	rendering?: boolean;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const router = useRouter();
 	const [topic, setTopic] = useState("");
 	/* The topic MIRROR ("nothing gets lost" round, 2026-10-01 — same
@@ -236,8 +239,7 @@ export function Home({
 									onClick={() => setSetupOpen(true)}
 									className="rounded-sm border border-border bg-card px-3 py-1.5 font-ui text-xs text-foreground transition-colors hover:border-muted-foreground/50 hover:bg-accent cursor-pointer"
 								>
-									Set up your models
-								</button>
+									{t("Set up your models")}</button>
 							)
 						)}
 					/>
@@ -270,7 +272,7 @@ export function Home({
 								void start();
 							}
 						}}
-						placeholder={mode === "practice" ? "What do you want to practice?" : "What do you want to learn?"}
+						placeholder={mode === "practice" ? t("What do you want to practice?") : t("What do you want to learn?")}
 						autoFocus
 						rows={1}
 						className="field-sizing-content lh-input max-h-48 min-h-10 flex-1 resize-none bg-transparent px-2.5 py-2 outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground"
@@ -279,7 +281,7 @@ export function Home({
 					    affordance (owner, subtlety round 2026-09-25). */}
 					<button
 						type="submit"
-						aria-label="Start session"
+						aria-label={t("Start session")}
 						disabled={(!topic.trim() && !dictation.active) || busy}
 						className="flex size-10 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-[10px] bg-primary text-primary-foreground transition-colors hover:opacity-90 disabled:opacity-40"
 					>
@@ -309,7 +311,7 @@ export function Home({
 										}
 									>
 										{m === "practice" ? <DumbbellIcon aria-hidden="true" className="size-3" /> : null}
-										{m === "teach" ? "Teach" : "Practice"}
+										{m === "teach" ? t("Teach") : t("Practice")}
 									</button>
 								))}
 							</div>

components/i18n.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+"use client";
+
+import { createContext, useCallback, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from "react";
+import { resolveLanguage, translator, type GeneralSettings, type Language, type Translator } from "@/src/core";
+import { notifySettingsSaved, useSettingsSaved } from "./settings-signal";
+
+type I18nValue = {
+	language: Language;
+	sttLanguage: Language;
+	general: GeneralSettings;
+	dictating: boolean;
+	setDictating: (active: boolean) => void;
+	t: Translator;
+	saveGeneral: (patch: Partial<GeneralSettings>) => Promise<void>;
+	saveLanguage: (field: "language" | "sttLanguage", value: Language | undefined) => Promise<void>;
+};
+const I18nContext = createContext<I18nValue>({ language: "en", sttLanguage: "en", general: {}, dictating: false, setDictating: () => {}, t: translator("en"), saveGeneral: async () => {}, saveLanguage: async () => {} });
+export function useI18n(): I18nValue { return useContext(I18nContext); }
+
+/** Initial settings and locale come from the server, so hydration preserves the first frame. */
+export function I18nProvider({ children, initialGeneral = {}, system = "en" }: { children: ReactNode; initialGeneral?: GeneralSettings; system?: Language }) {
+	const [general, setGeneral] = useState(initialGeneral);
+	const [dictating, setDictating] = useState(false);
+	const [detected, setDetected] = useState<Language>(system);
+	const pending = useRef<Promise<void>>(Promise.resolve());
+	const sequence = useRef(0);
+	const latest = useRef(general);
+	latest.current = general;
+	const language = resolveLanguage(general.language, detected);
+	const sttLanguage = resolveLanguage(general.sttLanguage, detected);
+	const t = useMemo(() => translator(language), [language]);
+	useEffect(() => {
+		const detect = () => setDetected(resolveLanguage(undefined, navigator.languages));
+		detect();
+		window.addEventListener("languagechange", detect);
+		return () => window.removeEventListener("languagechange", detect);
+	}, []);
+	useEffect(() => {
+		document.documentElement.lang = language;
+		document.title = "Learning Harness";
+		const description = document.querySelector('meta[name="description"]');
+		if (description) description.setAttribute("content", t("A teacher agent with a memory — sessions, quizzes, and a knowledge graph of what you know."));
+		window.lh?.setLanguage?.(language);
+	}, [language, t]);
+	useSettingsSaved((section) => {
+		if (section !== "general") return;
+		const request = ++sequence.current;
+		void fetch("/api/settings").then((r) => { if (!r.ok) throw new Error("settings"); return r.json(); })
+			.then((body: { settings?: { general?: GeneralSettings } }) => { if (request === sequence.current) setGeneral(body.settings?.general ?? {}); }).catch(() => {});
+	});
+	// Serialize writes and re-read before replacing the section: simultaneous selectors cannot lose each other's changes.
+	const saveGeneral = useCallback((patch: Partial<GeneralSettings>) => {
+		const write = pending.current.catch(() => {}).then(async () => {
+			const current = await fetch("/api/settings");
+			if (!current.ok) throw new Error("Could not load language settings");
+			const body = await current.json() as { settings?: { general?: GeneralSettings } };
+			const next = { ...(body.settings?.general ?? latest.current) };
+			for (const field of ["language", "sttLanguage", "autoUpdate"] as const) {
+				if (!Object.hasOwn(patch, field)) continue;
+				if (patch[field] === undefined) delete next[field];
+				else Object.assign(next, { [field]: patch[field] });
+			}
+			const res = await fetch("/api/settings/general", { method: "PUT", headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" }, body: JSON.stringify(next) });
+			if (!res.ok) throw new Error("Could not save language settings");
+			sequence.current++;
+			setGeneral(next);
+			notifySettingsSaved("general");
+		});
+		pending.current = write;
+		return write;
+	}, []);
+	const saveLanguage = useCallback((field: "language" | "sttLanguage", value: Language | undefined) => saveGeneral({ [field]: value }), [saveGeneral]);
+	const value = useMemo(() => ({ language, sttLanguage, general, dictating, setDictating, t, saveGeneral, saveLanguage }), [language, sttLanguage, general, dictating, t, saveGeneral, saveLanguage]);
+	return <I18nContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</I18nContext.Provider>;
+}
+
+export function LanguageSelect({ field, disabled = false, compact = false }: { field: "language" | "sttLanguage"; disabled?: boolean; compact?: boolean }) {
+	const { general, t, saveLanguage, sttLanguage, dictating } = useI18n();
+	const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false);
+	const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+	const label = t(field === "language" ? "Interface language" : "Speech recognition language");
+	return <span className={compact ? "flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1" : "flex flex-col items-end gap-1"}>
+		<select aria-label={label} title={label} value={general[field] ?? "auto"} disabled={disabled || saving || (field === "sttLanguage" && dictating)}
+			className="h-7 max-w-full rounded-md border border-border bg-background px-1.5 text-xs text-foreground disabled:opacity-50"
+			onChange={(event) => {
+				const value = event.currentTarget.value;
+				setSaving(true); setError(null);
+				void saveLanguage(field, value === "auto" ? undefined : value as Language).catch((e: unknown) => setError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : "Could not save language settings")).finally(() => setSaving(false));
+			}}>
+			<option value="auto">{compact ? `${t("Auto")} · ${sttLanguage === "ru" ? "RU" : "EN"}` : t("System default")}</option>
+			<option value="en">English</option>
+			<option value="ru">Русский</option>
+		</select>
+		{error && <span role="alert" className="max-w-56 text-xs text-destructive">{t(error)}</span>}
+	</span>;
+}

components/keyboard-shortcuts.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 /**
  * Keyboard shortcuts (shortcut wave A, 2026-09-17) — the single document-level
@@ -151,13 +153,14 @@ export function KeyboardShortcuts() {
  *  Until the settings milestone ships an editor, this is how shortcuts
  *  stay discoverable. */
 function CheatSheet({ open, onClose }: { open: boolean; onClose: () => void }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const backdropDismiss = useBackdropDismiss(onClose);
 	if (!open) return null;
 	const scopes = ["global", "chat", "graph"] as const;
 	const scopeLabels: Record<(typeof scopes)[number], string> = {
-		global: "Global",
-		chat: "Chat",
-		graph: "Graph view",
+		global: t("Global"),
+		chat: t("Chat"),
+		graph: t("Graph view"),
 	};
 	return (
 		<div
@@ -170,8 +173,8 @@ function CheatSheet({ open, onClose }: { open: boolean; onClose: () => void }) {
 				onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
 			>
 				<div className="mb-4 flex items-baseline justify-between">
-					<span className="text-sm font-medium text-card-foreground">Keyboard shortcuts</span>
-					<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Esc to close</span>
+					<span className="text-sm font-medium text-card-foreground">{t("Keyboard shortcuts")}</span>
+					<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Esc to close")}</span>
 				</div>
 				{scopes.map((scope) => {
 					const actions = KEYBOARD_ACTIONS.filter((a) => a.scope === scope);
@@ -184,9 +187,9 @@ function CheatSheet({ open, onClose }: { open: boolean; onClose: () => void }) {
 							<div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
 								{actions.map((a) => (
 									<div key={a.id} className="flex items-center justify-between gap-4 text-sm">
-										<span className="text-muted-foreground">{a.label}</span>
+										<span className="text-muted-foreground">{t(a.label)}</span>
 										<kbd className="rounded-md border border-border bg-background px-1.5 py-0.5 font-mono text-xs text-card-foreground">
-											{formatBinding(bindingForAction(a.id))}
+											{t(formatBinding(bindingForAction(a.id)))}
 										</kbd>
 									</div>
 								))}

components/md-blocks.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 /**
  * MARKDOWN BLOCKS, MELTED INTO THE MESSAGE (owner wave, 2026-09-19): the
@@ -139,6 +141,7 @@ export function codeSource(children: ReactNode): string {
  *  still streaming (the trailing open fence), a quiet skeleton instead of a
  *  doomed parse. */
 function MermaidInline({ chart }: { chart: string }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [svg, setSvg] = useState<string | null>(null);
 	const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 	const [attempt, setAttempt] = useState(0);
@@ -199,17 +202,17 @@ function MermaidInline({ chart }: { chart: string }) {
 				dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: svg ?? "" }}
 			/>
 			<div className="absolute top-0 right-0 flex items-start gap-0.5">
-				<CopyCorner getText={() => chart} label="Copy diagram source" />
+				<CopyCorner getText={() => chart} label={t("Copy diagram source")} />
 				{overlay && (
 					<Hint
 					// Full-screen overlay copy (tooltip wave) — "session view" was
 					// internal direction-speak for the same thing.
-					label="Open full-screen"
+					label={t("Open full-screen")}
 					side="bottom"
 				>
 <button
 						type="button"
-						aria-label="Expand diagram"
+						aria-label={t("Expand diagram")}
 						data-testid="md-mermaid-expand"
 												className="flex size-6 items-center justify-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground/70 opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground group-hover/md:opacity-100"
 						onClick={(e) => {
@@ -234,6 +237,7 @@ function MermaidInline({ chart }: { chart: string }) {
  *  mounts. The container/look is CSS-melted in globals.css
  *  (data-streamdown="code-block"…). */
 export function MarkdownCode(props: ComponentProps<"code"> & ExtraProps) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const incomplete = useIsCodeFenceIncomplete();
 	const { children, className, node, ...rest } = props;
 
@@ -257,7 +261,7 @@ export function MarkdownCode(props: ComponentProps<"code"> & ExtraProps) {
 	const lineNumbers = !/\bnoLineNumbers\b/.test(meta);
 	return (
 		<div className="group/md relative" data-testid="md-code">
-			<CopyCorner className="absolute top-1.5 right-2 z-10" getText={() => source} label="Copy code" />
+			<CopyCorner className="absolute top-1.5 right-2 z-10" getText={() => source} label={t("Copy code")} />
 			<CodeBlock
 				code={source}
 				language={language}
@@ -374,6 +378,7 @@ export function MarkdownBlockquote(props: ComponentProps<"blockquote"> & ExtraPr
  *  horizontal-scroller for wide ones, with the corner copy. The copy
  *  serializes the REAL DOM table (the library's own extractor → Markdown). */
 export function MarkdownTable(props: ComponentProps<"table"> & ExtraProps) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const { children, node, ...rest } = props;
 	const ref = useRef<HTMLTableElement>(null);
 	return (
@@ -385,7 +390,7 @@ export function MarkdownTable(props: ComponentProps<"table"> & ExtraProps) {
 				// cells it hovers over; the scroll container stays under it (the
 				// corner is fixed to the wrapper, not the scrolling table).
 				className="absolute top-1 right-1 z-10"
-				label="Copy table"
+				label={t("Copy table")}
 				getText={() => (ref.current ? tableDataToMarkdown(extractTableDataFromElement(ref.current)) : "")}
 			/>
 			<div className="overflow-x-auto">
@@ -414,6 +419,7 @@ export function MarkdownTable(props: ComponentProps<"table"> & ExtraProps) {
  *  in the MathML <annotation>; read from the DOM on click, no re-parse).
  *  Every other span passes through untouched. */
 export function MathDisplay(props: ComponentProps<"span"> & ExtraProps) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const { children, className, node, ...rest } = props;
 	const ref = useRef<HTMLSpanElement>(null);
 	if (!className?.includes("katex-display")) {
@@ -434,7 +440,7 @@ export function MathDisplay(props: ComponentProps<"span"> & ExtraProps) {
 		<span className="group/md relative block z-0" data-testid="md-math">
 			<CopyCorner
 				className="absolute top-0 right-0 z-10"
-				label="Copy equation source"
+				label={t("Copy equation source")}
 				getText={() => ref.current?.querySelector("annotation")?.textContent ?? ""}
 			/>
 			<span ref={ref} className={className} {...rest}>

components/mermaid-error.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
 
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
@@ -15,7 +16,9 @@ export const MermaidError = ({
 	error,
 	retry,
 	className,
-}: MermaidErrorComponentProps & { className?: string }) => (
+}: MermaidErrorComponentProps & { className?: string }) => {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
+	return (
 	<div
 		className={cn(
 			"my-4 rounded-xl border border-destructive/40 bg-destructive/5 p-4",
@@ -24,21 +27,22 @@ export const MermaidError = ({
 		data-streamdown="mermaid-error"
 	>
 		<p className="text-sm font-medium text-destructive">
-			Diagram failed to render
+			{t("Diagram failed to render")}
 		</p>
 		<p className="mt-1 font-mono text-xs break-words text-muted-foreground">
 			{error}
 		</p>
 		<details className="mt-3">
 			<summary className="cursor-pointer text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-				Show diagram source
+				{t("Show diagram source")}
 			</summary>
 			<pre className="mt-2 overflow-x-auto rounded-lg bg-muted p-3 font-mono text-xs text-foreground">
 				{chart}
 			</pre>
 		</details>
 		<Button className="mt-3" onClick={retry} size="sm" variant="outline">
-			Retry
+			{t("Retry")}
 		</Button>
 	</div>
 );
+};

components/minimal-home.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 /**
  * THE MINIMAL HOME (owner, 2026-10-06 — the no-graph home, take two):
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ import { ChainTableOverlay } from "@/components/chain-table.tsx";
 import { GraphCostControl } from "@/components/graph-view.tsx";
 import { NotesImportErrors, useNotesImport } from "@/components/notes-import.tsx";
 import { Hint } from "@/components/ui/hint";
+import { countLabel } from "@/src/core";
 import type { ChatSummary, GraphCostSummary, GraphSnapshot } from "@/src/core";
 
 /** The quiet centered summary — a pure body (props in, markup out) so
@@ -42,6 +45,7 @@ export function KnowledgeSummary({
 	practiceSessions: number;
 	importedNotes: number;
 }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const empty =
 		propositions === 0 && chains === 0 && teachSessions === 0 && practiceSessions === 0 && importedNotes === 0;
 	return (
@@ -52,29 +56,28 @@ export function KnowledgeSummary({
 			    list) rides after the same parting. */}
 			<div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
 				<p className="font-ui text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-					{propositions} {propositions === 1 ? "proposition" : "propositions"}
+					{countLabel(language, propositions, "proposition", "propositions")}
 				</p>
 				<p className="font-ui text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-					{chains} {chains === 1 ? "chain" : "chains"}
+					{countLabel(language, chains, "chain", "chains")}
 				</p>
 			</div>
 			<div className="h-4" aria-hidden="true" />
 			<div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
 				<p className="font-ui text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-					{teachSessions} {teachSessions === 1 ? "teaching session" : "teaching sessions"}
+					{countLabel(language, teachSessions, "teaching session", "teaching sessions")}
 				</p>
 				<p className="font-ui text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-					{practiceSessions} {practiceSessions === 1 ? "practice session" : "practice sessions"}
+					{countLabel(language, practiceSessions, "practice session", "practice sessions")}
 				</p>
 			</div>
 			<div className="h-4" aria-hidden="true" />
 			<p className="font-ui text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-				{importedNotes} {importedNotes === 1 ? "imported note" : "imported notes"}
+				{countLabel(language, importedNotes, "imported note", "imported notes")}
 			</p>
 			{empty && (
 				<p className="pt-2 font-ui text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">
-					Nothing here yet — import notes to begin building the graph.
-				</p>
+					{t("Nothing here yet — import notes to begin building the graph.")}</p>
 			)}
 		</div>
 	);
@@ -93,6 +96,7 @@ export function MinimalHome({
 	onPracticeSelectionChange?: (nodes: { id: string; name: string; statement: string }[]) => void;
 	onChainSelectClose?: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [snapshot, setSnapshot] = useState<GraphSnapshot | null>(null);
 	const [costs, setCosts] = useState<GraphCostSummary | null>(null);
 	const [chats, setChats] = useState<ChatSummary[]>([]);
@@ -167,7 +171,7 @@ export function MinimalHome({
 			<div className="lh-no-drag lh-wco-floating absolute right-2 top-2 z-10 flex max-w-[calc(100%-5.5rem)] flex-col items-end gap-2">
 				<div className="flex min-w-0 items-start gap-2">
 					<div className="graph-chrome-fade-in shrink-0 rounded-xl border bg-card/85 px-1 py-[3px] shadow-lg backdrop-blur">
-						<Hint label="Every reasoning chain" side="bottom">
+						<Hint label={t("Every reasoning chain")} side="bottom">
 							<button
 								type="button"
 								onClick={() => setChainsOpen(true)}
@@ -175,12 +179,11 @@ export function MinimalHome({
 								className="flex h-7 items-center gap-1.5 rounded-lg px-2.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent"
 							>
 								<ListTreeIcon className="size-3" />
-								Chains
-							</button>
+								{t("Chains")}</button>
 						</Hint>
 					</div>
 					<div className="shrink-0 rounded-xl border bg-card/85 px-1 py-[3px] shadow-lg backdrop-blur">
-						<Hint label="Import notes into the graph" side="bottom">
+						<Hint label={t("Import notes into the graph")} side="bottom">
 							<button
 								type="button"
 								disabled={importing}
@@ -189,7 +192,7 @@ export function MinimalHome({
 								className="flex h-7 items-center gap-1.5 rounded-lg px-2.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent disabled:opacity-50"
 							>
 								<UploadIcon className="size-3" />
-								{importing ? "Importing…" : "Import notes…"}
+								{importing ? t("Importing…") : t("Import notes…")}
 							</button>
 						</Hint>
 					</div>

components/model-picker.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import type { ChatSettings, ModelCatalogEntry, ModelCatalogResponse, ModelsSettings, UserSettings } from "@/src/core";
@@ -82,6 +84,7 @@ export function catalogLimits(catalog: Pick<ModelCatalogResponse, "models">): Ma
  * no-factory-fallback language: the UI never presents a default model).
  */
 export function ModelControl({ chatId, onModelChange }: { chatId?: string; onModelChange?: (model: string | undefined) => void }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const { catalog, refresh } = useModelCatalog();
 	const [models, setModels] = useState<ModelsSettings | undefined>();
 	const [session, setSession] = useState<ChatSettings | undefined>();
@@ -318,7 +321,7 @@ export function ModelControl({ chatId, onModelChange }: { chatId?: string; onMod
 				// Trimmed (owner, subtlety round 2026-09-25): "Model selector"
 				// — the long sentence was way too much. ⌘K opens this same
 				// menu (registry, override-aware).
-				label="Model selector"
+				label={t("Model selector")}
 				action="open-model-picker"
 				side="bottom"
 			>
@@ -341,7 +344,7 @@ export function ModelControl({ chatId, onModelChange }: { chatId?: string; onMod
 				// "Thinking" + its real shortcut via the registry (owner interlude
 				// 2026-09-25): ⇧⇥ cycles the level, so "Thinking (⇧⇥)" —
 				// rebind-live like every Hint suffix.
-				label="Thinking"
+				label={t("Thinking")}
 				action="cycle-thinking"
 				side="bottom"
 			>
@@ -364,7 +367,7 @@ export function ModelControl({ chatId, onModelChange }: { chatId?: string; onMod
 				{/* Just the level — the button reads like the model button reads
 				   the model name (owner, stats-control round 1). */}
 				<span className="text-card-foreground">
-					{effectiveLevel === undefined ? "—" : (THINKING_LABEL[effectiveLevel] ?? effectiveLevel)}
+					{effectiveLevel === undefined ? "—" : t(THINKING_LABEL[effectiveLevel] ?? effectiveLevel)}
 				</span>
 				<span aria-hidden className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">▾</span>
 			</button>
@@ -380,7 +383,7 @@ export function ModelControl({ chatId, onModelChange }: { chatId?: string; onMod
 					preferredSide="up"
 					menuClass="flex w-[22rem] flex-col rounded-xl border bg-card p-2 text-xs shadow-xl"
 				>
-					{error && <div className="mb-1.5 text-destructive">{error}</div>}
+					{error && <div className="mb-1.5 text-destructive">{t(error)}</div>}
 					<ModelMenuList
 						models={catalog?.models}
 						effectiveId={effectiveId}
@@ -388,10 +391,10 @@ export function ModelControl({ chatId, onModelChange }: { chatId?: string; onMod
 						onPick={pickModel}
 						footer={
 							catalog && catalog.models.length === 0
-								? "No models — add a provider key in Keys"
+								? t("No models — add a provider key in Keys")
 								: chatId
-									? "This session's model"
-									: "Strong tier — the default for new sessions"
+									? t("This session's model")
+									: t("Strong tier — the default for new sessions")
 						}
 					/>
 				</MenuShell>
@@ -408,10 +411,10 @@ export function ModelControl({ chatId, onModelChange }: { chatId?: string; onMod
 						levels={catalog ? levels : []}
 						effectiveLevel={effectiveLevel}
 						onPick={(level) => apply(effectiveProvider ?? "", effectiveId ?? "", level as ThinkingLevel)}
-						empty={catalog ? (effectiveId ? `${prettyModel(effectiveId)} has no thinking levels.` : "Pick a model first.") : "Loading…"}
-						footer="Levels this model actually supports"
+						empty={catalog ? (effectiveId ? t("{v0} has no thinking levels.", { v0: prettyModel(effectiveId) }) : t("Pick a model first.")) : t("Loading…")}
+						footer={t("Levels this model actually supports")}
 					/>
-					{error && <div className="mt-1 text-destructive">{error}</div>}
+					{error && <div className="mt-1 text-destructive">{t(error)}</div>}
 				</MenuShell>
 			)}
 		</div>

components/new-session.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from "react";
 import { useRouter } from "next/navigation";
@@ -110,6 +112,7 @@ export function DraftShell({
 	 *  Passed as a node so the pick state stays in NewSession. */
 	overlay?: ReactNode;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	// Voice dictation (STT wave, 2026-09-17): finals append at the end of the
 	// draft text (via the parent's onChange — the truth lives there); the
 	// strip lives in the stats bar's middle slot.
@@ -172,11 +175,11 @@ export function DraftShell({
 						<Conversation className="h-full min-w-0 flex-1" initial="instant">
 							<ConversationContent className="min-h-full gap-0 p-0">
 								<ConversationEmptyState
-									title={mode === "practice" ? "New practice session" : "New session"}
+									title={mode === "practice" ? t("New practice session") : t("New session")}
 									description={
 										mode === "practice"
-											? "Pick nodes from your knowledge graph, describe what you want to practice, or bring your own problem."
-											: "The teacher will open by probing what you already know."
+											? t("Pick nodes from your knowledge graph, describe what you want to practice, or bring your own problem.")
+											: t("The teacher will open by probing what you already know.")
 									}
 								/>
 							</ConversationContent>
@@ -205,7 +208,7 @@ export function DraftShell({
 										// input (owner refinement round, 2026-09-24) — no lesson has
 										// started yet, so the composer must not read like one is in
 										// flight.
-										placeholder={mode === "practice" ? "What do you want to practice?" : "What do you want to learn?"}
+										placeholder={mode === "practice" ? t("What do you want to practice?") : t("What do you want to learn?")}
 									/>
 								</div>
 								<StatsBar
@@ -231,6 +234,7 @@ export function DraftShell({
 }
 
 export function NewSession({ initialConfigured, mode = "teach" }: { initialConfigured: boolean; mode?: "teach" | "practice" }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const router = useRouter();
 	const [text, setText] = useState("");
 	/* The draft MIRROR ("nothing gets lost" round, 2026-10-01): the shell's
@@ -357,8 +361,7 @@ export function NewSession({ initialConfigured, mode = "teach" }: { initialConfi
 								onClick={() => setSetupOpen(true)}
 								className="rounded-sm border border-border bg-card px-3 py-1.5 font-ui text-xs text-foreground transition-colors hover:border-muted-foreground/50 hover:bg-accent cursor-pointer"
 							>
-								Set up your models
-							</button>
+								{t("Set up your models")}</button>
 						)
 					)
 				}

components/notes-import.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
 
 import { useRef, useState } from "react";
 
@@ -53,24 +54,26 @@ export async function postNotesImport(files: readonly File[]): Promise<NotesImpo
 
 /** Only error text survives a request; selected Files stay request-local. */
 export function useNotesImport(callbacks: { onStart?: () => void; onFinish?: () => void } = {}) {
-	const [errors, setErrors] = useState<string[]>([]);
+	const { t } = useI18n();
+	const [failures, setFailures] = useState<Array<{ file: string; message: string; detail?: string }>>([]);
+	const errors = failures.map((failure) => `${failure.file}: ${t(failure.message)}${failure.detail ?? ""}`);
 	const [importing, setImporting] = useState(false);
 	const pending = useRef(false);
 	const submit = async (files: File[]) => {
 		if (pending.current || files.length === 0) return;
 		pending.current = true;
 		setImporting(true);
-		setErrors([]);
+		setFailures([]);
 		try {
 			callbacks.onStart?.();
 			const results = await postNotesImport(files);
-			setErrors(results
+			setFailures(results
 				.filter((result) => !result.ok)
 				.sort((a, b) => a.requestIndex - b.requestIndex)
-				.map((r) => `${r.filePath}: ${r.error}${r.code ? `\n${r.code}${r.provider ? ` — ${r.provider}` : ""}${r.missing?.length ? ` — ${r.missing.join(", ")}` : ""}${r.slots?.length ? ` — ${r.slots.join(", ")}` : ""}` : ""}`));
+				.map((r) => ({ file: r.filePath, message: r.error ?? "", detail: r.code ? `\n${r.code}${r.provider ? ` — ${r.provider}` : ""}${r.missing?.length ? ` — ${r.missing.join(", ")}` : ""}${r.slots?.length ? ` — ${r.slots.join(", ")}` : ""}` : "" })));
 		} catch (error) {
 			const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
-			setErrors(files.map((file) => `${file.name}: ${message}`));
+			setFailures(files.map((file) => ({ file: file.name, message })));
 		} finally {
 			pending.current = false;
 			setImporting(false);

components/phase-divider.tsx

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+"use client";
+
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
 import type { Phase3 } from "@/src/core";
 
 /**
@@ -39,6 +42,7 @@ const CHIP_LABEL: Record<Phase3, string> = {
  *  at all, so it is part of the drag surface instead of a carved-out
  *  target. */
 export function PhaseChip({ phase }: { phase: Phase3 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<span
 			data-testid="phase-chip"
@@ -46,7 +50,7 @@ export function PhaseChip({ phase }: { phase: Phase3 }) {
 			aria-hidden="true"
 			className="pointer-events-none flex shrink-0 select-none items-center text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground"
 		>
-			{CHIP_LABEL[phase]}
+			{t(CHIP_LABEL[phase])}
 		</span>
 	);
 }
@@ -60,11 +64,12 @@ export function PhaseChip({ phase }: { phase: Phase3 }) {
  * after the start).
  */
 export function PhaseDivider({ phase, nodeCount }: { phase: Phase3; nodeCount?: number }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	if (phase === "probe") return null;
 	const label =
 		phase === "plan" && nodeCount
-			? `Plan · ${nodeCount} node${nodeCount === 1 ? "" : "s"}`
-			: CHIP_LABEL[phase];
+			? t("Plan · {v0} node{v1}", { v0: nodeCount, v1: nodeCount === 1 ? "" : "s" })
+			: t(CHIP_LABEL[phase]);
 	return (
 		<div className="my-4 flex w-full items-center gap-3" data-testid={`phase-divider-${phase}`}>
 			<span className="h-0 flex-1 border-t-2 border-dotted border-border/50" aria-hidden />

components/plan-block.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useEffect, useId, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { MaximizeIcon, MinusIcon, PlusIcon, XIcon } from "lucide-react";
@@ -509,6 +511,7 @@ export function PlanDiagram({
 	 *  flank's width and the band's height rather than run width-first. */
 	fill?: boolean;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const layout = useMemo(() => blockLayout(nodes, edges), [nodes, edges]);
 	// Pad only the full-extent render — the plan window's override viewBox is
 	// a deliberate viewport crop, and the popup keeps its own fit margins.
@@ -540,7 +543,7 @@ export function PlanDiagram({
 						: {}),
 			}}
 			role="img"
-			aria-label="Plan diagram"
+			aria-label={t("Plan diagram")}
 		>
 			<defs>
 				<marker
@@ -676,15 +679,16 @@ export function PlanDiagram({
  * future DAG window).
  */
 export function PlanBlock({ data, onOpen }: { data: PlanBlockData; onOpen: () => void }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const markerId = useId().replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9-]/g, "");
 	const statusMap = useMemo(() => new Map(data.nodes.map((n) => [n.id, n.status] as const)), [data]);
 	const statusOf = (id: string): PlanNodeStatus => statusMap.get(id) ?? "upcoming";
 	return (
-		<Hint label="Open the full plan" side="bottom">
+		<Hint label={t("Open the full plan")} side="bottom">
 <button
 			type="button"
 			data-testid="plan-block-full"
-			aria-label="Open the full plan"
+			aria-label={t("Open the full plan")}
 			onClick={onOpen}
 			className="block w-full text-left"
 		>
@@ -749,6 +753,7 @@ const POPUP_PAD = GLOW_REACH;
  * through while the focus owns the session area.
  */
 export function PlanPopup({ messages, onClose }: { messages: readonly PopupMessage[]; onClose: () => void }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const tree = useMemo(() => latestTree(messages), [messages]);
 	const statuses = useMemo(
 		() => (tree ? derivePlanStatuses(tree, messages as Parameters<typeof derivePlanStatuses>[1]) : null),
@@ -887,19 +892,19 @@ export function PlanPopup({ messages, onClose }: { messages: readonly PopupMessa
 			className="absolute inset-0 z-40 flex flex-col bg-background/80 p-4 backdrop-blur-sm"
 			role="dialog"
 			aria-modal="true"
-			aria-label="The full plan"
+			aria-label={t("The full plan")}
 			onClick={(e) => {
 				if (e.target === e.currentTarget) onClose();
 			}}
 		>
 			<div className="mb-2 flex items-center gap-2">
-				<span className="text-sm font-medium">The plan</span>
-				<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">live — statuses derive from your check outcomes</span>
-				<Hint label="Close" binding="escape" side="left">
+				<span className="text-sm font-medium">{t("The plan")}</span>
+				<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("live — statuses derive from your check outcomes")}</span>
+				<Hint label={t("Close")} binding="escape" side="left">
 <button
 					type="button"
 					onClick={onClose}
-					aria-label="Close"
+					aria-label={t("Close")}
 					data-testid="plan-popup-close"
 					className="ml-auto rounded-lg p-1.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 				>
@@ -947,22 +952,22 @@ export function PlanPopup({ messages, onClose }: { messages: readonly PopupMessa
 							/>
 						</div>
 						<div className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-x-0 bottom-0 flex items-end justify-between p-2">
-							<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/60">Drag to pan · scroll to zoom</span>
+							<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/60">{t("Drag to pan · scroll to zoom")}</span>
 							<div className="flex gap-1">
-								<Hint label="Zoom out" side="bottom">
+								<Hint label={t("Zoom out")} side="bottom">
 <button
 									type="button"
-									aria-label="Zoom out"
+									aria-label={t("Zoom out")}
 									onClick={() => stepZoom(1 / 1.25)}
 									className="pointer-events-auto flex size-7 items-center justify-center rounded-md border border-border/70 bg-card/80 text-muted-foreground backdrop-blur transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 								>
 									<MinusIcon className="size-3.5" />
 								</button>
 </Hint>
-								<Hint label="Fit plan to screen" side="bottom">
+								<Hint label={t("Fit plan to screen")} side="bottom">
 <button
 									type="button"
-									aria-label="Fit plan to screen"
+									aria-label={t("Fit plan to screen")}
 									onClick={fitView}
 									data-testid="plan-popup-fit"
 									className="pointer-events-auto flex size-7 items-center justify-center rounded-md border border-border/70 bg-card/80 text-muted-foreground backdrop-blur transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
@@ -970,10 +975,10 @@ export function PlanPopup({ messages, onClose }: { messages: readonly PopupMessa
 									<MaximizeIcon className="size-3.5" />
 								</button>
 </Hint>
-								<Hint label="Zoom in" side="bottom">
+								<Hint label={t("Zoom in")} side="bottom">
 <button
 									type="button"
-									aria-label="Zoom in"
+									aria-label={t("Zoom in")}
 									onClick={() => stepZoom(1.25)}
 									className="pointer-events-auto flex size-7 items-center justify-center rounded-md border border-border/70 bg-card/80 text-muted-foreground backdrop-blur transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 								>
@@ -985,8 +990,7 @@ export function PlanPopup({ messages, onClose }: { messages: readonly PopupMessa
 					</>
 				) : (
 					<div className="flex h-full items-center justify-center text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-						No plan in this session yet.
-					</div>
+						{t("No plan in this session yet.")}</div>
 				)}
 			</div>
 		</div>

components/practice-cards.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { MessageResponse } from "@/components/ai-elements/message";
 import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ export interface PracticeThinkingData {
 }
 
 export function ProblemCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	// Always open, no chevron (owner round, 2026-10-05): the record IS the
 	// statement — same container + eyebrow discipline as the answered card
 	// and the dock (which mirrors this in Slice D). The commitment never
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ export function ProblemCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
 	const statement = typeof input.statement === "string" ? input.statement : "";
 	return (
 		<div data-testid="problem-card" className="lh-card-enter my-1 rounded-xl border bg-card p-4">
-			<div className="mb-1 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">Problem</div>
+			<div className="mb-1 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">{t("Problem")}</div>
 			<div className="lh-prose text-[15px]">
 				<MessageResponse>{repairMathForDisplay(statement)}</MessageResponse>
 			</div>
@@ -94,6 +97,7 @@ const OUTCOME_CHIP: Record<string, string> = {
 };
 
 export function ConcludeCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	// The conclusion redesigned (owner round, 2026-10-05): the SOLUTION is
 	// the hero — the modelSolution committed at pose time (part.reveal, the
 	// view-seam join), shown verbatim, never re-authored. The verdict sits
@@ -111,8 +115,7 @@ export function ConcludeCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
 	if (outcome === "dismissed") {
 		return (
 			<div data-testid="conclude-card" className="my-1 px-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground/70">
-				Problem dismissed.
-			</div>
+				{t("Problem dismissed.")}</div>
 		);
 	}
 
@@ -122,10 +125,9 @@ export function ConcludeCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
 			    eyebrow + the outcome in the quiz cards' EXACT chip register —
 			    no more two same-weight headings stacked. */}
 			<div className="mb-1 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-				Concluded
-				{(OUTCOME_LABEL[outcome] ?? "") !== "" && outcome !== "dismissed" && (
+				{t("Concluded")}{(OUTCOME_LABEL[outcome] ?? "") !== "" && outcome !== "dismissed" && (
 					<span className={cn("rounded px-1.5 py-0.5", OUTCOME_CHIP[outcome] ?? OUTCOME_CHIP.movedOn)}>
-						{OUTCOME_LABEL[outcome]}
+						{t(OUTCOME_LABEL[outcome] ?? outcome)}
 					</span>
 				)}
 			</div>
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ export function ConcludeCard({ part }: ArtifactPartProps) {
 				<>
 					<div className="my-3 border-t" />
 					<div>
-						<div className="mb-0.5 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">Model solution</div>
+						<div className="mb-0.5 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">{t("Model solution")}</div>
 						<div className="lh-prose text-[15px]">
 							<MessageResponse>{repairMathForDisplay(reveal)}</MessageResponse>
 						</div>
@@ -177,6 +179,7 @@ function MetadataPopover({
 	concludeInput: { outcome?: string; rung?: unknown; missClass?: unknown; retest?: unknown };
 	problemInput: { mode?: unknown; target?: unknown };
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
 	const triggerRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement | null>(null);
 	const rootRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
@@ -239,8 +242,7 @@ function MetadataPopover({
 				aria-expanded={open}
 				className="flex items-center gap-1 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
 			>
-				Metadata
-			</button>
+				{t("Metadata")}</button>
 			{open &&
 				anchor &&
 				createPortal(
@@ -256,12 +258,12 @@ function MetadataPopover({
 						className="z-50 w-80 max-w-[calc(100vw-1rem)] rounded-xl border bg-card p-4 text-left shadow-lg"
 					>
 				<dl className="grid grid-cols-[auto_1fr] gap-x-4 gap-y-1 text-xs">
-						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">Mode</dt>
-						<dd className="font-mono">{mode || "—"}</dd>
-						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">Targets</dt>
+						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Mode")}</dt>
+						<dd className="font-mono">{t(mode || "—")}</dd>
+						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Targets")}</dt>
 						<dd className="font-mono">
 							{targets.length === 0 ? (
-								"untagged"
+								t("untagged")
 							) : (
 								<span>
 									{targets.map((t, i) => (
@@ -273,14 +275,14 @@ function MetadataPopover({
 								</span>
 							)}
 						</dd>
-						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">Outcome</dt>
-						<dd className="font-mono">{outcome || "—"}</dd>
-						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">Hint rung</dt>
-						<dd className="font-mono">{rung || "none"}</dd>
-						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">Miss class</dt>
-						<dd className="font-mono">{miss || "none"}</dd>
-						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">Retest</dt>
-						<dd className="font-mono">{retest === undefined ? "—" : retest ? "yes" : "no"}</dd>
+						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Outcome")}</dt>
+						<dd className="font-mono">{t(outcome || "—")}</dd>
+						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Hint rung")}</dt>
+						<dd className="font-mono">{t(rung || "none")}</dd>
+						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Miss class")}</dt>
+						<dd className="font-mono">{t(miss || "none")}</dd>
+						<dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Retest")}</dt>
+						<dd className="font-mono">{retest === undefined ? "—" : retest ? t("yes") : t("no")}</dd>
 					</dl>
 					</div>,
 					document.body,
@@ -290,9 +292,10 @@ function MetadataPopover({
 }
 
 export function ThinkingCard({ data }: { data: PracticeThinkingData }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	// The unified row (owner rounds, 2026-10-05): one style, one label —
 	// 50%-italic quote block on expand. Legacy records' commit flag is
 	// deliberately unread (one lane now). A TRANSCRIPT row (owner round,
 	// 2026-10-07): full-width band + rail, arriving expanded.
-	return <ThinkingBlock testId="thinking-card" label="YOUR THINKING" text={data.text} defaultOpen />;
+	return <ThinkingBlock testId="thinking-card" label={t("YOUR THINKING")} text={data.text} defaultOpen />;
 }

components/practice-dock.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useCallback, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { ChevronRightIcon } from "lucide-react";
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ export interface PracticeDockProps {
 }
 
 export function PracticeDock({ problemCallId, input, expanded, onExpand, onSubmit, onEscape, compactionRunning = false }: PracticeDockProps) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [thinking, setThinking] = useState("");
 	// Ref MIRRORS the field ("nothing gets lost", the question-dock
 	// discipline): a submit resuming after `await finishDictation()` reads
@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ export function PracticeDock({ problemCallId, input, expanded, onExpand, onSubmi
 				className="flex w-full cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 px-4 py-3 text-left text-sm text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
 			>
 				<ChevronRightIcon className="size-4 shrink-0 rotate-90" />
-				<span className="font-medium">Problem</span>
+				<span className="font-medium">{t("Problem")}</span>
 				<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{input.statement}</span>
 			</button>
 		);
@@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ export function PracticeDock({ problemCallId, input, expanded, onExpand, onSubmi
 			    markdown + LaTeX rendered, capped by the measured column
 			    (--dock-max-h; the old fixed 40vh cut long problems short). */}
 			<div className="max-h-[var(--dock-max-h,40vh)] overflow-y-auto px-4 pt-3 pb-2">
-				<div className="mb-1 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">Problem</div>
+				<div className="mb-1 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">{t("Problem")}</div>
 				<div className="lh-prose text-[15px]">
 					<MessageResponse>{typeof input.statement === "string" ? repairMathForDisplay(input.statement) : input.statement}</MessageResponse>
 				</div>
@@ -120,8 +123,7 @@ export function PracticeDock({ problemCallId, input, expanded, onExpand, onSubmi
 				className="m-1.5 rounded-[10px] border border-border/70 bg-background/60 transition-colors focus-within:border-primary/50"
 			>
 				<div className="px-2.5 pt-2 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-					YOUR THINKING
-				</div>
+					{t("YOUR THINKING")}</div>
 				<textarea
 					value={thinking}
 					onChange={(e) => {
@@ -144,7 +146,7 @@ export function PracticeDock({ problemCallId, input, expanded, onExpand, onSubmi
 							submit();
 						}
 					}}
-					placeholder="Work here, think out loud."
+					placeholder={t("Work here, think out loud.")}
 					rows={4}
 					className={cn(
 						"field-sizing-content lh-input max-h-64 min-h-16 w-full resize-none bg-transparent px-2.5 pb-2 outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground",
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ export function PracticeDock({ problemCallId, input, expanded, onExpand, onSubmi
 				    field 10 − p-1 (4) = button 6. */}
 				<div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 p-1">
 					<span aria-hidden className="pl-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-						{compactionRunning ? "compacting session…" : "↵ submits · ⇧↵ newline"}
+						{compactionRunning ? t("compacting session…") : t("↵ submits · ⇧↵ newline")}
 					</span>
 					<Button
 						type="button"
@@ -165,8 +167,7 @@ export function PracticeDock({ problemCallId, input, expanded, onExpand, onSubmi
 						onClick={() => submit()}
 						className="ml-auto h-9 rounded-[6px] px-3.5 text-sm font-medium"
 					>
-						Submit thinking
-					</Button>
+						{t("Submit thinking")}</Button>
 				</div>
 			</div>
 		</div>

components/question-dock.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { ArrowDownIcon, ChevronRightIcon, PlayIcon } from "lucide-react";
@@ -105,6 +107,7 @@ export function QuestionDock({
 	dictationClaim = true,
 	compactionRunning = false,
 }: QuestionDockProps) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	// The probe-phase names (owner, 2026-10-09) canonicalize onto their
 	// teach twins for every dock concern — parse dispatch, labels, kinds:
 	// the probe quiz ("probe") is quiz-shaped, the probe free-recall
@@ -114,7 +117,7 @@ export function QuestionDock({
 	// The chip's display name carries the tool's OWN name (owner
 	// 2026-10-09): probe-phase questions label Probe/Recall in the
 	// composer; teach tools keep the standing labels.
-	const toolLabel = toolName === "probe" ? "Probe" : toolName === "recall" ? "Recall" : undefined;
+	const toolLabel = toolName === "probe" ? t("Probe") : toolName === "recall" ? t("Recall") : undefined;
 	// Parse, don't cast (src/core/tool-parts.ts): the model authored this
 	// input, and only the schema the tool declared vouches for its shape.
 	// The dock mounts on input-available parts (already validated at the
@@ -126,8 +129,7 @@ export function QuestionDock({
 	if (!parsed) {
 		return (
 			<div data-testid="malformed-question" className="rounded-xl border border-dashed bg-card/60 p-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-				This question arrived malformed — the transcript keeps the retry.
-			</div>
+				{t("This question arrived malformed — the transcript keeps the retry.")}</div>
 		);
 	}
 	return (
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ export function QuestionDock({
 					label={
 						(canonical === "quiz" || canonical === "explain") &&
 						normalizeQuizType((parsed as { type?: unknown }).type) === "predict"
-							? "Prediction"
+							? t("Prediction")
 							: undefined
 					}
 				/>
@@ -201,6 +203,7 @@ export function QuestionDockBar({
 	 *  label Probe/Recall — the phase boundary visible in the composer. */
 	toolLabel?: string;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	if (variant === "reveal") {
 		return (
 			<button
@@ -213,11 +216,11 @@ export function QuestionDockBar({
 					<PlayIcon className="size-3.5" />
 				</span>
 				<span className="min-w-0 flex-1">
-					<span className="block text-sm font-medium">Check your understanding</span>
+					<span className="block text-sm font-medium">{t("Check your understanding")}</span>
 					<span className="block truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground">{teaserText(question)}</span>
 				</span>
 				<span className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1 text-xs font-medium text-primary">
-					Open <ChevronRightIcon className="size-3.5" />
+					{t("Open")}{" "}<ChevronRightIcon className="size-3.5" />
 				</span>
 			</button>
 		);
@@ -232,11 +235,11 @@ export function QuestionDockBar({
 			<span className="shrink-0 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
 				{label ??
 							toolLabel ??
-							(toolName === "quiz" ? "Check" : toolName === "explain" ? "Explain" : "Question")}
+							(toolName === "quiz" ? t("Check") : toolName === "explain" ? t("Explain") : t("Question"))}
 			</span>
 			<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-muted-foreground">{teaserText(question)}</span>
 			<span className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1 text-xs font-medium">
-				Answer <ArrowDownIcon className="size-3.5" />
+				{t("Answer")}{" "}<ArrowDownIcon className="size-3.5" />
 			</span>
 		</button>
 	);
@@ -254,6 +257,7 @@ function QuestionDockForm({
 	dictationClaim = true,
 	compactionRunning = false,
 }: Omit<QuestionDockProps, "expanded" | "onExpand" | "reveal">) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const kind = toolQuestionKind(toolName);
 
 	// Canonical QuestionData, built once per question. Quiz options are
@@ -547,17 +551,17 @@ function QuestionDockForm({
 			<div data-session-find-root="" className="max-h-[var(--dock-max-h,55dvh)] overflow-y-auto px-4 pt-3">
 				<div className="mb-1 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
 					{toolName === "probe"
-						? "Probe"
+						? t("Probe")
 						: toolName === "recall"
-							? "Recall"
+							? t("Recall")
 							: kind === "quiz"
 								? qd.questionType === "predict"
-									? "Prediction"
-									: "Check"
+									? t("Prediction")
+									: t("Check")
 									: kind === "explain"
-										? "Explain"
-											: "Question"}
-					{qd.mode === "multi-select" && " · select all that apply"}
+										? t("Explain")
+											: t("Question")}
+					{qd.mode === "multi-select" && t(" · select all that apply")}
 				</div>
 				<div className="mb-3 font-medium">
 					<MessageResponse>{qd.question}</MessageResponse>
@@ -644,7 +648,7 @@ function QuestionDockForm({
 								>
 									{sel.dontKnow && <span className="size-1.5 rounded-full bg-current" />}
 								</span>
-								<span>I don't know</span>
+								<span>{t("I don't know")}</span>
 							</button>
 						)}
 
@@ -710,7 +714,7 @@ function QuestionDockForm({
 												submit();
 											}
 									}}
-									placeholder="Type your own answer…"
+									placeholder={t("Type your own answer…")}
 									className="lh-input w-full min-w-0 flex-1 bg-transparent outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground"
 									onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
 								/>
@@ -742,8 +746,7 @@ function QuestionDockForm({
 								sel.dontKnow ? "text-muted-foreground/50" : "text-muted-foreground",
 							)}
 						>
-							Confidence
-						</span>
+							{t("Confidence")}</span>
 						<div
 							className={cn("relative h-4 min-w-0 flex-1", sel.dontKnow && "opacity-40")}
 							data-testid="confidence-track"
@@ -771,9 +774,9 @@ function QuestionDockForm({
 								step={1}
 								value={CONFIDENCE_STOPS[confIdx]}
 								disabled={sel.dontKnow}
-								aria-label="Confidence — the probability your selected answer is correct"
-								aria-valuetext={`${CONFIDENCE_STOPS[confIdx]} percent`}
-								title="The probability your selected answer is correct — 50% is a coin flip. Adjust with ←/→."
+								aria-label={t("Confidence — the probability your selected answer is correct")}
+								aria-valuetext={t("{v0} percent", { v0: CONFIDENCE_STOPS[confIdx] })}
+								title={t("The probability your selected answer is correct — 50% is a coin flip. Adjust with ←/→.")}
 								data-testid="confidence-slider"
 								onChange={(e) => {
 									// Snap to the nearest stop; the rendered VALUE is the stop's own
@@ -828,7 +831,7 @@ function QuestionDockForm({
 					className="rounded-[10px] border border-border/70 bg-background/60 transition-colors focus-within:border-primary/50"
 				>
 					<div className="px-2.5 pt-2 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-						{qd.mode === "text" ? "Your answer" : "YOUR THINKING"}
+						{qd.mode === "text" ? t("Your answer") : t("YOUR THINKING")}
 					</div>
 					{qd.mode === "text" ? (
 						<textarea
@@ -854,7 +857,7 @@ function QuestionDockForm({
 									submit();
 								}
 							}}
-							placeholder="Type your answer…"
+							placeholder={t("Type your answer…")}
 							rows={1}
 							className="field-sizing-content lh-input max-h-48 min-h-10 w-full resize-none bg-transparent px-2.5 py-2 outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground"
 						/>
@@ -884,7 +887,7 @@ function QuestionDockForm({
 									submit();
 								}
 							}}
-							placeholder="Why this answer? Whatever comes to mind."
+							placeholder={t("Why this answer? Whatever comes to mind.")}
 							rows={1}
 							className={cn(
 								"field-sizing-content lh-input max-h-48 w-full resize-none bg-transparent px-2.5 py-2 outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground/70",
@@ -896,15 +899,14 @@ function QuestionDockForm({
 					)}
 					<div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 p-1">
 						<span aria-hidden className="pl-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-								{compactionRunning ? "compacting session…" : "↵ submits · ⇧↵ newline"}
+								{compactionRunning ? t("compacting session…") : t("↵ submits · ⇧↵ newline")}
 						</span>
 						<Button
 							type="submit"
 							disabled={!canSubmit || compactionRunning}
 							className="ml-auto h-9 rounded-[6px] px-3.5 text-sm font-medium"
 						>
-							Submit answer
-						</Button>
+							{t("Submit answer")}</Button>
 					</div>
 				</div>
 			</form>

components/reading-thinking.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useCallback } from "react";
 import { joinDictation, useDictationTarget } from "@/components/dictation";
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ export function ReadingThinkingField({
 	/** Primary dictation claim — true while the check is behind its reveal. */
 	claim: boolean;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	useDictationTarget(
 		useCallback(
 			(t: string) => {
@@ -52,8 +55,7 @@ export function ReadingThinkingField({
 			className="pointer-events-auto mb-2 rounded-2xl border bg-card/60 px-3 py-2 transition-colors focus-within:border-primary/50"
 		>
 			<div className="pb-1 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-				Thinking while reading
-			</div>
+				{t("Thinking while reading")}</div>
 			<textarea
 				value={value}
 				onChange={(e) => onChange(e.target.value)}
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ export function ReadingThinkingField({
 						e.currentTarget.blur();
 					}
 				}}
-				placeholder="Whatever comes to mind as you read."
+				placeholder={t("Whatever comes to mind as you read.")}
 				rows={1}
 				className="field-sizing-content lh-input max-h-40 w-full resize-none bg-transparent py-0.5 outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground/70"
 			/>

components/session-find.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState, type RefObject } from "react";
 import { ChevronDownIcon, ChevronUpIcon, SearchIcon, XIcon } from "lucide-react";
@@ -66,6 +68,7 @@ export function SessionFind({ scopeRef, scrollContextRef }: {
 	scopeRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>;
 	scrollContextRef: RefObject<SessionScrollContext | null>;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
 	const [query, setQuery] = useState("");
 	const [result, setResult] = useState({ index: -1, count: 0 });
@@ -163,7 +166,7 @@ export function SessionFind({ scopeRef, scrollContextRef }: {
 	return (
 		<div
 			role="search"
-			aria-label="Session Find"
+			aria-label={t("Session Find")}
 			data-testid="session-find"
 			className="lh-no-drag flex h-10 shrink-0 items-center gap-2 border-b border-border px-6 font-ui text-sm"
 			onKeyDown={(event) => {
@@ -182,8 +185,8 @@ export function SessionFind({ scopeRef, scrollContextRef }: {
 			<SearchIcon className="size-4 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" aria-hidden />
 			<input
 				ref={inputRef}
-				aria-label="Find in session"
-				placeholder="Find in session…"
+				aria-label={t("Find in session")}
+				placeholder={t("Find in session…")}
 				value={query}
 				onChange={(event) => setQuery(event.target.value)}
 				spellCheck={false}
@@ -192,15 +195,15 @@ export function SessionFind({ scopeRef, scrollContextRef }: {
 			<output aria-live="polite" data-testid="session-find-count" className="shrink-0 text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
 				{query ? `${result.index + 1}/${result.count}` : ""}
 			</output>
-			<button type="button" aria-label="Previous match" title="Previous match (Shift+Enter)" className={buttonClass}
+			<button type="button" aria-label={t("Previous match")} title={t("Previous match (Shift+Enter)")} className={buttonClass}
 				disabled={!result.count} onMouseDown={(event) => event.preventDefault()} onClick={() => step(-1)}>
 				<ChevronUpIcon className="size-4" aria-hidden />
 			</button>
-			<button type="button" aria-label="Next match" title="Next match (Enter)" className={buttonClass}
+			<button type="button" aria-label={t("Next match")} title={t("Next match (Enter)")} className={buttonClass}
 				disabled={!result.count} onMouseDown={(event) => event.preventDefault()} onClick={() => step(1)}>
 				<ChevronDownIcon className="size-4" aria-hidden />
 			</button>
-			<button type="button" aria-label="Close Find" title="Close Find (Esc)" className={buttonClass} onClick={close}>
+			<button type="button" aria-label={t("Close Find")} title={t("Close Find (Esc)")} className={buttonClass} onClick={close}>
 				<XIcon className="size-4" aria-hidden />
 			</button>
 		</div>

components/session-overlay.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { MaximizeIcon, MinusIcon, PlusIcon, XIcon } from "lucide-react";
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ export function MermaidOverlay({
 	inverted?: boolean;
 	onClose: () => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	// ── chart render (own instance, own ids); figure mode uses the raw svg ──
 	const [svg, setSvg] = useState<string | null>(rawSvg ?? null);
 	const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
@@ -218,16 +221,16 @@ export function MermaidOverlay({
 			className="absolute inset-0 z-40 flex flex-col bg-background/80 p-4 backdrop-blur-sm"
 			role="dialog"
 			aria-modal="true"
-			aria-label="Diagram focus"
+			aria-label={t("Diagram focus")}
 		>
 			<div className="mb-2 flex items-center gap-2">
-				<span className="text-sm font-medium">Diagram</span>
-				<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">from this lesson</span>
-				<Hint label="Close" binding="escape" side="left">
+				<span className="text-sm font-medium">{t("Diagram")}</span>
+				<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("from this lesson")}</span>
+				<Hint label={t("Close")} binding="escape" side="left">
 <button
 					type="button"
 					onClick={onClose}
-					aria-label="Close"
+					aria-label={t("Close")}
 					data-testid="mermaid-overlay-close"
 					className="ml-auto rounded-lg p-1.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 				>
@@ -287,32 +290,32 @@ export function MermaidOverlay({
 							/>
 						</div>
 						<div className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-x-0 bottom-0 flex items-end justify-between p-2">
-							<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/60">Drag to pan · scroll to zoom</span>
+							<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/60">{t("Drag to pan · scroll to zoom")}</span>
 							<div className="flex gap-1">
-								<Hint label="Zoom out" side="bottom">
+								<Hint label={t("Zoom out")} side="bottom">
 <button
 									type="button"
-									aria-label="Zoom out"
+									aria-label={t("Zoom out")}
 									onClick={() => stepZoom(1 / 1.25)}
 									className="pointer-events-auto flex size-7 items-center justify-center rounded-md border border-border/70 bg-card/80 text-muted-foreground backdrop-blur transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 								>
 									<MinusIcon className="size-3.5" />
 								</button>
 </Hint>
-								<Hint label="Fit diagram to view" side="bottom">
+								<Hint label={t("Fit diagram to view")} side="bottom">
 <button
 									type="button"
-									aria-label="Fit diagram to view"
+									aria-label={t("Fit diagram to view")}
 									onClick={fitView}
 									className="pointer-events-auto flex size-7 items-center justify-center rounded-md border border-border/70 bg-card/80 text-muted-foreground backdrop-blur transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 								>
 									<MaximizeIcon className="size-3.5" />
 								</button>
 </Hint>
-								<Hint label="Zoom in" side="bottom">
+								<Hint label={t("Zoom in")} side="bottom">
 <button
 									type="button"
-									aria-label="Zoom in"
+									aria-label={t("Zoom in")}
 									onClick={() => stepZoom(1.25)}
 									className="pointer-events-auto flex size-7 items-center justify-center rounded-md border border-border/70 bg-card/80 text-muted-foreground backdrop-blur transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 								>
@@ -325,8 +328,7 @@ export function MermaidOverlay({
 				) : (
 					<div className="flex h-full items-center justify-center gap-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
 						<span className="inline-block size-4 animate-spin rounded-full border border-current border-b-2" />
-						Rendering diagram…
-					</div>
+						{t("Rendering diagram…")}</div>
 				)}
 			</div>
 		</div>

components/settings/agent-section.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 /**
  * The Agent section (settings-app wave): the THREE MODEL SLOTS, the tool
  * toggles + the search-engine preference, and the prompt override
@@ -250,6 +252,7 @@ function MenuTrigger({
 	/** The no-key search state grays the whole row; the trigger follows. */
 	disabled?: boolean;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<button
 			type="button"
@@ -263,7 +266,7 @@ function MenuTrigger({
 				disabled ? "cursor-not-allowed" : "hover:border-muted-foreground/50"
 			} ${widthClass}`}
 		>
-			<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{value || emptyLabel}</span>
+			<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{t(value || emptyLabel)}</span>
 			<span aria-hidden className="text-muted-foreground">
 				▾
 			</span>
@@ -303,6 +306,7 @@ export function AgentSection({
 	/** Writes the whole compaction section (replace-PUT discipline). */
 	onCompactionChange: (next: CompactionSettings) => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [catalog, setCatalog] = useState<ModelCatalogEntry[] | null>(null);
 	/** The three tiers' resolved pins — GET /api/models `slots`. The rows'
 	 *  Default hints and thinking lists resolve from it. */
@@ -492,7 +496,7 @@ export function AgentSection({
 		>
 			<span>{label}</span>
 			<span className="text-muted-foreground">
-				{live === null ? (active && <span aria-hidden>✓</span>) : live ? <span aria-hidden>✓ key</span> : <span aria-hidden>· no key</span>}
+				{live === null ? (active && <span aria-hidden>✓</span>) : live ? <span aria-hidden>{t("✓ key")}</span> : <span aria-hidden>{t("· no key")}</span>}
 			</span>
 		</button>
 	);
@@ -527,7 +531,7 @@ export function AgentSection({
 						<Toggle
 							checked={info.enabled}
 							disabled={!fileExists}
-							label={`prompt ${info.path}`}
+							label={t("prompt {v0}", { v0: info.path })}
 							onChange={(on) => onSectionChange(composePromptSwitch(agent, info.path, on))}
 						/>
 					</span>
@@ -540,26 +544,26 @@ export function AgentSection({
 					}}
 					className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 underline-offset-2 hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
 				>
-					{open ? "Hide text" : "Show text"}
+					{open ? t("Hide text") : t("Show text")}
 				</button>
 				{open && (
 					<div className="mt-1 flex flex-col gap-2">
 						<div>
-							<p className="mb-1 text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/70">Source</p>
+							<p className="mb-1 text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/70">{t("Source")}</p>
 							<textarea
 								readOnly
 								value={info.sourceText}
-								aria-label="The original instructions"
+								aria-label={t("The original instructions")}
 								className="h-24 w-full resize-y rounded-sm border border-border bg-muted p-2 font-ui text-xs text-muted-foreground"
 							/>
 						</div>
 						<div>
-							<p className="mb-1 text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/70">Override</p>
+							<p className="mb-1 text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/70">{t("Override")}</p>
 							<textarea
 								value={segmentDraft[info.path] ?? info.overrideText ?? ""}
 								onChange={(e) => setSegmentDraft({ ...segmentDraft, [info.path]: e.target.value })}
-								aria-label="Your version of the instructions"
-								placeholder="Add your own instructions…"
+								aria-label={t("Your version of the instructions")}
+								placeholder={t("Add your own instructions…")}
 								className="h-24 w-full resize-y rounded-sm border border-border bg-background p-2 font-ui text-xs text-foreground outline-none"
 							/>
 						</div>
@@ -574,16 +578,14 @@ export function AgentSection({
 										: "cursor-not-allowed text-xs text-muted-foreground/40 underline-offset-2"
 								}
 							>
-								Save
-							</button>
+								{t("Save")}</button>
 							{fileExists && (
 								<button
 									type="button"
 									onClick={() => void deleteSegment(info.path)}
 									className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 underline-offset-2 hover:text-red-500 hover:underline"
 								>
-									Delete
-								</button>
+									{t("Delete")}</button>
 							)}
 							{/* The quiet inline confirmation — next to the
 							    action, not the old path-echoing line at the
@@ -593,7 +595,7 @@ export function AgentSection({
 							    status reads unambiguously. */}
 							{segmentStatus && (
 								<p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70" data-testid="segment-status">
-									{segmentStatus}
+									{t(segmentStatus)}
 								</p>
 							)}
 						</div>
@@ -614,7 +616,7 @@ export function AgentSection({
 
 	return (
 		<>
-			<SettingsGroup label="Models" testid="group-models">
+			<SettingsGroup label={t("Models")} testid="group-models">
 				{MODEL_SLOTS.map((slot) => {
 					const override = models?.[slot];
 					const modelId = override?.model?.id ?? "";
@@ -653,7 +655,7 @@ export function AgentSection({
 								<MenuTrigger
 									value={modelId ? prettyModel(modelId) : ""}
 									emptyLabel="—"
-									ariaLabel={`${SLOT_META[slot].label} model`}
+									ariaLabel={t("{v0} model", { v0: t(SLOT_META[slot].label) })}
 									testid={`slot-model-${slot}`}
 									open={thisMenuOpen === "model"}
 									onClick={() => setOpenMenu(thisMenuOpen === "model" ? null : { target: slot, kind: "model" })}
@@ -665,7 +667,7 @@ export function AgentSection({
 									// what the engine build runs). Display-only until a pick writes.
 									value={thinking || (chosen ? defaultOrderLevel(levels) : "")}
 									emptyLabel="—"
-									ariaLabel={`${SLOT_META[slot].label} thinking`}
+									ariaLabel={t("{v0} thinking", { v0: t(SLOT_META[slot].label) })}
 									testid={`slot-thinking-${slot}`}
 									open={thisMenuOpen === "thinking"}
 									onClick={() => setOpenMenu(thisMenuOpen === "thinking" ? null : { target: slot, kind: "thinking" })}
@@ -692,8 +694,8 @@ export function AgentSection({
 											}}
 											footer={
 												catalog && catalog.length === 0
-													? "No models — add a provider key in Keys"
-													: "Runs every agent of this tier"
+													? t("No models — add a provider key in Keys")
+													: t("Runs every agent of this tier")
 											}
 										/>
 									</MenuShell>
@@ -723,7 +725,7 @@ export function AgentSection({
 				})}
 			</SettingsGroup>
 
-			<SettingsGroup label="Tools" testid="group-tools">
+			<SettingsGroup label={t("Tools")} testid="group-tools">
 				{/* The prober's graph tools (wave 7, owner ruling 2026-09-23):
 				    FIRST row of the group — its subject is the map, its
 				    mechanism is agent capability, so it lives in Tools but
@@ -735,15 +737,15 @@ export function AgentSection({
 					const graphOn = graph?.enabled ?? true;
 					return (
 						<SettingsRow
-							label="Graph tools"
-							hint={graphOn ? "Lets the tutor consult your knowledge map between sessions" : "Graph is disabled"}
+							label={t("Graph tools")}
+							hint={graphOn ? t("Lets the tutor consult your knowledge map between sessions") : t("Graph is disabled")}
 							testid="graph-tools-row"
 							dimmed={!graphOn}
 						>
 							<Toggle
 								checked={agent?.graphTools?.enabled ?? true}
 								disabled={!graphOn}
-								label="graph tools"
+								label={t("graph tools")}
 								onChange={(on) => onSectionChange(composeGraphTools(agent, on))}
 							/>
 						</SettingsRow>
@@ -757,13 +759,13 @@ export function AgentSection({
 					const free = agent?.tools?.explain === true;
 					return (
 						<SettingsRow
-							label="Quizzing"
-							hint="How both tutors check your understanding"
+							label={t("Quizzing")}
+							hint={t("How both tutors check your understanding")}
 							testid="quiz-mechanics-row"
 						>
 							<div
 								role="radiogroup"
-								aria-label="Quizzing mechanics"
+								aria-label={t("Quizzing mechanics")}
 								className="flex rounded-lg border border-border/60 bg-muted/30 p-0.5"
 								>
 								{(["choice", "free"] as const).map((m) => {
@@ -781,7 +783,7 @@ export function AgentSection({
 												active ? "bg-background text-foreground shadow-sm" : "text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground",
 											)}
 										>
-											{m === "choice" ? "Multiple choice" : "Free recall"}
+											{m === "choice" ? t("Multiple choice") : t("Free recall")}
 										</button>
 									);
 								})}
@@ -792,12 +794,12 @@ export function AgentSection({
 				{TOGGLE_TOOLS.map((id) => (
 					<SettingsRow
 						key={id}
-						label={`Tool · ${id}`}
+						label={t("Tool · {v0}", { v0: id })}
 						testid={`tool-row-${id}`}
 					>
 						<Toggle
 							checked={agent?.tools?.[id] ?? true}
-							label={`tool ${id}`}
+							label={t("tool {v0}", { v0: id })}
 							onChange={(on) => onSectionChange(composeTool(agent, id, on))}
 						/>
 					</SettingsRow>
@@ -808,7 +810,7 @@ export function AgentSection({
 					const open = openMenu?.target === "search";
 					return (
 						<SettingsRow
-							label="Search engine"
+							label={t("Search engine")}
 							hint={search?.reason ?? undefined}
 							testid="search-engine-row"
 							dimmed={!anyKey}
@@ -816,8 +818,8 @@ export function AgentSection({
 							<span ref={open ? menuAnchorRef : undefined} className="relative flex items-center gap-2">
 								<MenuTrigger
 									value={engine === "tavily" ? "Tavily" : engine === "brave" ? "Brave" : ""}
-									emptyLabel="Automatic"
-									ariaLabel="Search engine"
+									emptyLabel={t("Automatic")}
+									ariaLabel={t("Search engine")}
 									testid="search-engine-trigger"
 									open={open}
 									onClick={() => setOpenMenu(open ? null : { target: "search", kind: "engine" })}
@@ -831,7 +833,7 @@ export function AgentSection({
 										testid="search-engine-menu"
 										menuClass="flex w-44 flex-col gap-0.5 rounded-xl border border-border bg-card p-2 text-xs shadow-xl"
 									>
-										{engineOption("auto", "Automatic", engine === null, null, () => {
+										{engineOption("auto", t("Automatic"), engine === null, null, () => {
 											onSectionChange(composeSearchEngine(agent, null));
 											setOpenMenu(null);
 										})}
@@ -849,17 +851,17 @@ export function AgentSection({
 				})()}
 			</SettingsGroup>
 
-			<SettingsGroup label="Context" testid="group-context">
+			<SettingsGroup label={t("Context")} testid="group-context">
 				<SettingsRow
-					label="Compaction threshold"
-					hint={`${resolvedCompaction.thresholdTokens} tok`}
+					label={t("Compaction threshold")}
+					hint={t("{v0} tok", { v0: resolvedCompaction.thresholdTokens })}
 					testid="compaction-row-threshold"
 				>
 					<CommitInput
 						type="number"
 						value={String(compaction?.thresholdTokens ?? "")}
 						placeholder={String(resolvedCompaction.thresholdTokens)}
-						ariaLabel="compaction threshold"
+						ariaLabel={t("compaction threshold")}
 						testid="input-compaction-threshold"
 						onCommit={(v) => {
 							// Empty = factory default (the budget row's discipline):
@@ -882,9 +884,9 @@ export function AgentSection({
 				</SettingsRow>
 			</SettingsGroup>
 
-			<SettingsGroup label="System prompts" testid="group-prompts">
+			<SettingsGroup label={t("System prompts")} testid="group-prompts">
 				{prompts === null ? (
-					<p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">Loading prompt segments…</p>
+					<p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">{t("Loading prompt segments…")}</p>
 				) : (
 					<div className="flex flex-col gap-4">
 						{/* The owner's ruled order (2026-09-26): Teacher first,
@@ -894,10 +896,10 @@ export function AgentSection({
 						{sectionedSegments(prompts).map((section) => (
 							<div key={section.id} data-testid={`prompt-section-${section.id}`}>
 								<p className="mb-1 text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/70">
-									{section.label}
+									{t(section.label)}
 								</p>
 								{section.hint && (
-									<p className="mb-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground/60">{section.hint}</p>
+									<p className="mb-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground/60">{t(section.hint)}</p>
 								)}
 								<div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
 									{section.segments.map((info) => segmentRow(info))}

components/settings/appearance-section.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 /**
  * The Appearance + Graph sections (thin settings wave).
  *
@@ -97,6 +99,7 @@ export function AppearanceSection({
 	/** PUT the whole appearance section; the page re-applies on success. */
 	onSectionChange: (next: AppearanceSettings) => void;
 }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const { appearance: resolved } = useAppearance();
 	const md = appearance?.mdRendering;
 
@@ -186,27 +189,27 @@ export function AppearanceSection({
 
 	return (
 		<>
-			<SettingsRow label="Mode" hint="Coming soon" testid="row-mode" dimmed>
+			<SettingsRow label={t("Mode")} hint={t("Coming soon")} testid="row-mode" dimmed>
 				<ThinSelect value="dark" ariaLabel="mode" onChange={() => {}} testid="select-mode" disabled>
-					<option value="dark">Dark</option>
+					<option value="dark">{t("Dark")}</option>
 				</ThinSelect>
 			</SettingsRow>
 			<SettingsRow
-				label="Background"
-				hint={`Empty = ${resolved.background ?? "#141414"}`}
+				label={t("Background")}
+				hint={t("Empty = {v0}", { v0: resolved.background ?? "#141414" })}
 				testid="row-background"
 			>
 				<CommitInput
 					value={appearance?.background ?? ""}
 					placeholder="#141414"
-					ariaLabel="background hex"
+					ariaLabel={t("background hex")}
 					testid="input-background"
 					onCommit={(v) => onSectionChange({ ...appearance, background: v === "" ? null : v })}
 				/>
 			</SettingsRow>
 			<SettingsRow
-				label="Reading font"
-				hint={`Empty = ${DEFAULT_READING_FONT}`}
+				label={t("Reading font")}
+				hint={t("Empty = {v0}", { v0: language === "ru" ? "Noto Sans" : DEFAULT_READING_FONT })}
 				testid="row-font"
 			>
 				<span ref={fontMenuOpen ? menuAnchorRef : undefined} className="relative flex items-center gap-2">
@@ -222,13 +225,13 @@ export function AppearanceSection({
 						const triggerButton = (
 							<button
 								type="button"
-								aria-label="Reading font"
+								aria-label={t("Reading font")}
 								aria-expanded={fontMenuOpen}
 								data-testid="font-trigger"
 								onClick={openFontMenu}
 								className="flex h-7 min-w-20 items-center gap-1 rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-1.5 font-ui text-xs text-foreground transition-colors hover:border-muted-foreground/50"
 							>
-								<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{appearance?.fontFamily || DEFAULT_READING_FONT}</span>
+								<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{appearance?.fontFamily || (language === "ru" ? "Noto Sans" : DEFAULT_READING_FONT)}</span>
 								<span aria-hidden className="text-muted-foreground">
 									▾
 								</span>
@@ -237,7 +240,7 @@ export function AppearanceSection({
 						return fontMenuOpen ? (
 							triggerButton
 						) : (
-							<Hint label="Choose from your installed fonts" side="left">
+							<Hint label={t("Choose from your installed fonts")} side="left">
 								{triggerButton}
 							</Hint>
 						);
@@ -258,21 +261,21 @@ export function AppearanceSection({
 										? undefined
 										: localFonts === null
 											? enumEmpty
-												? "Common families — installed fonts could not be read"
-												: "Common families — your installed list needs the desktop app"
-											: "Your installed fonts"
+												? t("Common families — installed fonts could not be read")
+												: t("Common families — your installed list needs the desktop app")
+											: t("Your installed fonts")
 								}
 							/>
 						</MenuShell>
 					)}
 				</span>
 			</SettingsRow>
-			<SettingsRow label="Reading font size" hint={`${resolved.proseFontSize}px`} testid="row-prose-size">
+			<SettingsRow label={t("Reading font size")} hint={`${resolved.proseFontSize}px`} testid="row-prose-size">
 				<CommitInput
 					type="number"
 					value={String(appearance?.proseFontSize ?? "")}
 					placeholder="16"
-					ariaLabel="prose font size"
+					ariaLabel={t("prose font size")}
 					testid="input-prose-size"
 					onCommit={(v) => {
 						// Empty = factory default (owner, fix wave): omit the key so the record
@@ -288,19 +291,19 @@ export function AppearanceSection({
 					}}
 				/>
 			</SettingsRow>
-			<SettingsRow label="Session names in serif" testid="row-session-serif">
+			<SettingsRow label={t("Session names in serif")} testid="row-session-serif">
 				<Toggle
 					checked={appearance?.sessionNameSerif ?? true}
-					label="session names serif"
+					label={t("session names serif")}
 					onChange={(on) => onSectionChange({ ...appearance, sessionNameSerif: on })}
 				/>
 			</SettingsRow>
-			<SettingsRow label="Heading weight" hint={`${resolved.mdRendering.headingWeight}`} testid="row-heading-weight">
+			<SettingsRow label={t("Heading weight")} hint={`${resolved.mdRendering.headingWeight}`} testid="row-heading-weight">
 				<CommitInput
 					type="number"
 					value={String(md?.headingWeight ?? "")}
 					placeholder="900"
-					ariaLabel="heading weight"
+					ariaLabel={t("heading weight")}
 					testid="input-heading-weight"
 					onCommit={(v) => {
 						// Empty = factory default (owner, fix wave): Number("") is 0, so
@@ -321,20 +324,20 @@ export function AppearanceSection({
 			{/* The emphasis inks default to the REGULAR TEXT COLOR now
 			    (appearance wave, 2026-09-26) — the empty-state labels say
 			    so; explicit hex overrides ride unchanged. */}
-			<SettingsRow label="Bold color" hint="Empty = same as text" testid="row-bold-color">
+			<SettingsRow label={t("Bold color")} hint={t("Empty = same as text")} testid="row-bold-color">
 				<CommitInput
 					value={md?.boldColor ?? ""}
-					placeholder="same as text"
-					ariaLabel="bold color"
+					placeholder={t("same as text")}
+					ariaLabel={t("bold color")}
 					testid="input-bold-color"
 					onCommit={(v) => onSectionChange({ ...appearance, mdRendering: { ...md, boldColor: v === "" ? null : v } })}
 				/>
 			</SettingsRow>
-			<SettingsRow label="Italic color" hint="Empty = same as text" testid="row-italic-color">
+			<SettingsRow label={t("Italic color")} hint={t("Empty = same as text")} testid="row-italic-color">
 				<CommitInput
 					value={md?.italicColor ?? ""}
-					placeholder="same as text"
-					ariaLabel="italic color"
+					placeholder={t("same as text")}
+					ariaLabel={t("italic color")}
 					testid="input-italic-color"
 					onCommit={(v) => onSectionChange({ ...appearance, mdRendering: { ...md, italicColor: v === "" ? null : v } })}
 				/>
@@ -350,6 +353,7 @@ export function GraphSection({
 	graph: GraphSettings | undefined;
 	onSectionChange: (next: GraphSettings) => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	// Wave 7 collapse (owner ruling 2026-09-23): the section is the MASTER
 	// SWITCH — the embedding/clustering/labeling rungs are gone; clustering
 	// is the free birth-session partition derived on read, labels ARE session
@@ -370,10 +374,10 @@ export function GraphSection({
 			    switch below arrived: off ≠ no graph, off = the graph stops
 			    growing. The testid keeps the old name's shape (row-enabled) so
 			    this stays one rename, not a test re-pin. */}
-			<SettingsRow label="Extraction" hint="Off = the graph stops growing" testid="graph-row-enabled">
+			<SettingsRow label={t("Extraction")} hint={t("Off = the graph stops growing")} testid="graph-row-enabled">
 				<Toggle
 					checked={graph?.enabled ?? true}
-					label="extraction enabled"
+					label={t("extraction enabled")}
 					onChange={(on) =>
 						// Compose, never replace-whole (the section PUT is, but the
 					// row must not drop its sibling field — fixed with the budget
@@ -386,23 +390,23 @@ export function GraphSection({
 			    round): display-only. Off = the home shows the chains view
 			    instead of the canvas. The ledgers, the pipeline, everything
 			    data keeps working — that is the extraction switch above. */}
-			<SettingsRow label="Graph rendering" hint="Off = home shows the chains view" testid="graph-row-rendering">
+			<SettingsRow label={t("Graph rendering")} hint={t("Off = home shows the chains view")} testid="graph-row-rendering">
 				<Toggle
 					checked={graph?.rendering ?? true}
-					label="graph rendering enabled"
+					label={t("graph rendering enabled")}
 					onChange={(on) => onSectionChange({ ...graph, rendering: on })}
 				/>
 			</SettingsRow>
 			<SettingsRow
-				label="Extraction chunk budget"
-				hint={`${resolved.extractionChunkTokens} tok`}
+				label={t("Extraction chunk budget")}
+				hint={t("{v0} tok", { v0: resolved.extractionChunkTokens })}
 				testid="graph-row-chunk-tokens"
 			>
 				<CommitInput
 					type="number"
 					value={String(graph?.extractionChunkTokens ?? "")}
 					placeholder={String(resolved.extractionChunkTokens)}
-					ariaLabel="extraction chunk budget"
+					ariaLabel={t("extraction chunk budget")}
 					testid="input-chunk-tokens"
 					onCommit={(v) => {
 						// Empty = factory default (the fix-wave discipline): absence is

components/settings/chatgpt-connection.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import type { ChatGPTStatus } from "@/src/core";
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ const Context = createContext({
 /** UI lifetime spans setup's keys → models transition. Only existing safe controls
  * are used; account IDs remain control values, never displayed account labels. */
 export function ChatGPTUIProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [status, setStatus] = useState<ChatGPTStatus>(empty);
 	const [dialog, setDialog] = useState<Dialog | null>(null);
 	const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
@@ -257,55 +260,55 @@ export function ChatGPTUIProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
 		{dialog && <AccountDialog key={`${dialog.kind}:${dialog.kind === "manage" && !!dialog.confirm}`} onClose={close} busy={busy && operation.current !== "login"}>
 			<h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">ChatGPT</h2>
 			{dialog.kind === "warning" ? <>
-				<p role="alert" className="rounded-sm border border-border px-3 py-2 text-xs text-foreground" data-testid="chatgpt-revocation-warning">{REVOCATION_WARNING}</p>
-				<div className="mt-4 flex justify-end"><Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => { context.dismissWarning(); showDialog(null); }}>Dismiss</Button></div>
+				<p role="alert" className="rounded-sm border border-border px-3 py-2 text-xs text-foreground" data-testid="chatgpt-revocation-warning">{t(REVOCATION_WARNING)}</p>
+				<div className="mt-4 flex justify-end"><Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => { context.dismissWarning(); showDialog(null); }}>{t("Dismiss")}</Button></div>
 			</> : dialog.kind === "manage" && dialog.confirm ? <div data-testid="chatgpt-disconnect-confirmation">
-				<p className="mt-3 text-sm font-semibold text-red-400">{CHATGPT_DISCONNECT_COPY.title}</p>
-				<p className="mt-3 text-xs text-foreground">{managed?.email || "ChatGPT account"}</p>
-				<p className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{CHATGPT_DISCONNECT_COPY.body}</p>
-				{context.error && <p role="alert" className="mt-3 text-xs text-red-400">{context.error}</p>}
+				<p className="mt-3 text-sm font-semibold text-red-400">{t(CHATGPT_DISCONNECT_COPY.title)}</p>
+				<p className="mt-3 text-xs text-foreground">{managed?.email || t("ChatGPT account")}</p>
+				<p className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t(CHATGPT_DISCONNECT_COPY.body)}</p>
+				{context.error && <p role="alert" className="mt-3 text-xs text-red-400">{t(context.error)}</p>}
 				<div className="mt-4 flex items-center justify-end gap-2">
-					<Button variant="ghost" size="sm" disabled={busy} onClick={close}>Cancel</Button>
-					<Button variant="destructive" size="sm" data-testid="chatgpt-confirm-disconnect" disabled={busy || !managedPresent} onClick={() => bridge && managed && void control("disconnect", () => bridge.disconnect(managed.id), managed.id)}>Disconnect account</Button>
+					<Button variant="ghost" size="sm" disabled={busy} onClick={close}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
+					<Button variant="destructive" size="sm" data-testid="chatgpt-confirm-disconnect" disabled={busy || !managedPresent} onClick={() => bridge && managed && void control("disconnect", () => bridge.disconnect(managed.id), managed.id)}>{t("Disconnect account")}</Button>
 				</div>
 			</div> : <>
 				{dialog.kind === "connect" ? <>
 					{status.accounts.length > 0 && <div className="mt-3 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-						<select aria-label="Saved ChatGPT account" value={registration} onChange={(event) => setRegistration(event.target.value)} disabled={busy || status.pending} className="min-w-0 rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-2 py-1.5 text-foreground">
-							<option value="">Add another account or workspace</option>
-							{status.accounts.map((a) => <option key={a.id} value={a.id}>{a.email || "ChatGPT account"}</option>)}
+						<select aria-label={t("Saved ChatGPT account")} value={registration} onChange={(event) => setRegistration(event.target.value)} disabled={busy || status.pending} className="min-w-0 rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-2 py-1.5 text-foreground">
+							<option value="">{t("Add another account or workspace")}</option>
+							{status.accounts.map((a) => <option key={a.id} value={a.id}>{a.email || t("ChatGPT account")}</option>)}
 						</select>
-						{registration && <Button variant="ghost" size="xs" disabled={busy} onClick={() => context.manage(registration)}>Manage…</Button>}
+						{registration && <Button variant="ghost" size="xs" disabled={busy} onClick={() => context.manage(registration)}>{t("Manage…")}</Button>}
 					</div>}
-					<p className="mt-3 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground" data-testid="chatgpt-privacy-notice">{CHATGPT_NOTICE}</p>
+					<p className="mt-3 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground" data-testid="chatgpt-privacy-notice">{t(CHATGPT_NOTICE)}</p>
 				</> : null}
 				<div className={`mt-4 flex items-center gap-3 text-xs text-foreground ${busy && operation.current === "change" && status.available && !status.pending ? "[&>button:disabled]:cursor-auto" : ""}`} data-testid="chatgpt-global-background">
-					<Toggle label={BACKGROUND_LABEL} checked={dialog.kind === "connect" ? background : status.allowBackgroundUse} disabled={busy || status.pending || !status.available} onChange={(enabled) => {
+					<Toggle label={t(BACKGROUND_LABEL)} checked={dialog.kind === "connect" ? background : status.allowBackgroundUse} disabled={busy || status.pending || !status.available} onChange={(enabled) => {
 						if (dialog.kind === "connect") { setBackground(enabled); setBackgroundDirty(true); }
 						else if (bridge) void control("change", () => bridge.consent(enabled));
 					}} />
-					<span>{BACKGROUND_LABEL}<span className="mt-1 block leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">{CHATGPT_BACKGROUND_HINT}</span></span>
+					<span>{t(BACKGROUND_LABEL)}<span className="mt-1 block leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">{t(CHATGPT_BACKGROUND_HINT)}</span></span>
 				</div>
 				<div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-					<a href="https://openai.com/policies/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" className="underline underline-offset-2">OpenAI privacy</a>
-					<a href="https://chatgpt.com/settings/usage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" className="underline underline-offset-2">Manage usage</a>
+					<a href="https://openai.com/policies/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" className="underline underline-offset-2">{t("OpenAI privacy")}</a>
+					<a href="https://chatgpt.com/settings/usage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" className="underline underline-offset-2">{t("Manage usage")}</a>
 				</div>
-				{!status.available && <p className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">ChatGPT sign-in is available only in the desktop app. API-key connections remain available here.</p>}
-				{status.pending && <p role="status" className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">Waiting for browser sign-in…</p>}
-				{context.error && <p role="alert" className="mt-3 text-xs text-red-400">{context.error}</p>}
+				{!status.available && <p className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("ChatGPT sign-in is available only in the desktop app. API-key connections remain available here.")}</p>}
+				{status.pending && <p role="status" className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Waiting for browser sign-in…")}</p>}
+				{context.error && <p role="alert" className="mt-3 text-xs text-red-400">{t(context.error)}</p>}
 				{dialog.kind === "manage" && managed && <div className="mt-4 flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3" data-testid="chatgpt-account-strip">
 					<div data-testid="chatgpt-managed-identity" className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2 text-xs text-foreground">
-						{status.accounts.length > 1 && managedPresent && !busy ? <select aria-label="Manage ChatGPT account" value={managed.id} onChange={(event) => context.manage(event.target.value)} className="min-w-0 rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-2 py-1.5">
-							{status.accounts.map((a) => <option key={a.id} value={a.id}>{a.email || "ChatGPT account"}</option>)}
-						</select> : <span className="break-all">{managed.email || "ChatGPT account"}</span>}
+						{status.accounts.length > 1 && managedPresent && !busy ? <select aria-label={t("Manage ChatGPT account")} value={managed.id} onChange={(event) => context.manage(event.target.value)} className="min-w-0 rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-2 py-1.5">
+							{status.accounts.map((a) => <option key={a.id} value={a.id}>{a.email || t("ChatGPT account")}</option>)}
+						</select> : <span className="break-all">{managed.email || t("ChatGPT account")}</span>}
 					</div>
-					<Button variant="ghost" size="sm" data-testid="chatgpt-add-accounts" className="cursor-pointer text-muted-foreground disabled:cursor-not-allowed" onClick={() => openConnect()} disabled={busy || status.pending || !status.available}>Add accounts</Button>
+					<Button variant="ghost" size="sm" data-testid="chatgpt-add-accounts" className="cursor-pointer text-muted-foreground disabled:cursor-not-allowed" onClick={() => openConnect()} disabled={busy || status.pending || !status.available}>{t("Add accounts")}</Button>
 				</div>}
 				<ConnectionFooter testid="chatgpt-account-footer" leading={dialog.kind === "manage" && <div data-testid="chatgpt-account-actions">
-					<Button variant="ghost" size="sm" className="cursor-pointer text-red-400 hover:bg-red-500/10 hover:text-red-300" data-testid="chatgpt-disconnect" disabled={busy || status.pending || !managedPresent} onClick={() => showDialog({ ...dialog, confirm: true })}>Disconnect</Button>
+					<Button variant="ghost" size="sm" className="cursor-pointer text-red-400 hover:bg-red-500/10 hover:text-red-300" data-testid="chatgpt-disconnect" disabled={busy || status.pending || !managedPresent} onClick={() => showDialog({ ...dialog, confirm: true })}>{t("Disconnect")}</Button>
 				</div>}>
-					{dialog.kind === "manage" && managedPresent && managed && !managed.connected && managed.canSignInAgain === true && status.available && <Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={busy || status.pending || !status.available} onClick={() => openConnect(managed.id)}>Sign in again</Button>}
-					<Button variant={dialog.kind === "manage" ? "outline" : "ghost"} size="sm" onClick={close} disabled={busy && operation.current !== "login"}>{dialog.kind === "connect" ? "Cancel" : "Close"}</Button>
+					{dialog.kind === "manage" && managedPresent && managed && !managed.connected && managed.canSignInAgain === true && status.available && <Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={busy || status.pending || !status.available} onClick={() => openConnect(managed.id)}>{t("Sign in again")}</Button>}
+					<Button variant={dialog.kind === "manage" ? "outline" : "ghost"} size="sm" onClick={close} disabled={busy && operation.current !== "login"}>{dialog.kind === "connect" ? t("Cancel") : t("Close")}</Button>
 					{dialog.kind === "connect" && <ContinueButton onClick={() => void login()} disabled={!status.available || busy || status.pending} testid="chatgpt-proceed" />}
 				</ConnectionFooter>
 			</>}
@@ -314,38 +317,41 @@ export function ChatGPTUIProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
 }
 
 function ContinueButton({ onClick, disabled, testid = "chatgpt-login" }: { onClick: () => void; disabled: boolean; testid?: string }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" data-testid={testid} onClick={onClick} disabled={disabled} className="cursor-pointer disabled:cursor-not-allowed">
 		{/* Official unmodified mark; existing secondary button hover/focus treatment. */}
 		{/* eslint-disable-next-line @next/next/no-img-element */}
 		<img src="/siwc/chatgpt-logo-white.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="" aria-hidden="true" />
-		Continue with ChatGPT
-	</Button>;
+		{t("Continue with ChatGPT")}</Button>;
 }
 
 function AccountDialog({ children, onClose, busy }: { children: React.ReactNode; onClose: () => void; busy: boolean }) {
-	return <ConnectionDialog label="ChatGPT account" testid="chatgpt-account-dialog" backdropTestid="chatgpt-dialog-backdrop" onClose={onClose} busy={busy}>{children}</ConnectionDialog>;
+	const { t } = useI18n();
+	return <ConnectionDialog label={t("ChatGPT account")} testid="chatgpt-account-dialog" backdropTestid="chatgpt-dialog-backdrop" onClose={onClose} busy={busy}>{children}</ConnectionDialog>;
 }
 
 /** Shared compact settings/setup row; account selection precedes the quiet action. */
 export function ChatGPTConnection(_props: { setup?: boolean } = {}) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const ui = useContext(Context);
 	const active = ui.status.accounts.find((a) => a.id === ui.status.activeId && a.connected);
 	const accounts = ui.status.accounts.filter((a) => a.connected);
 	return <div className="flex flex-col gap-2" data-testid="chatgpt-connection">
-		<ConnectionRow label="ChatGPT" actionTestid={active ? undefined : "chatgpt-login"} action={active ? "Manage…" : "Connect"} disabled={!ui.status.available || ui.busy || ui.status.pending} onAction={() => active ? ui.manage(active.id) : ui.connect()}>
-			{active && <select aria-label="ChatGPT account" value={active.id} disabled={ui.busy || ui.status.pending} onChange={(event) => ui.select(event.target.value)} className="min-w-0 rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-2 py-1 text-xs text-foreground">
-				{accounts.map((a) => <option key={a.id} value={a.id}>{a.email || "ChatGPT account"}</option>)}
+		<ConnectionRow label="ChatGPT" actionTestid={active ? undefined : "chatgpt-login"} action={active ? t("Manage…") : t("Connect")} disabled={!ui.status.available || ui.busy || ui.status.pending} onAction={() => active ? ui.manage(active.id) : ui.connect()}>
+			{active && <select aria-label={t("ChatGPT account")} value={active.id} disabled={ui.busy || ui.status.pending} onChange={(event) => ui.select(event.target.value)} className="min-w-0 rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-2 py-1 text-xs text-foreground">
+				{accounts.map((a) => <option key={a.id} value={a.id}>{a.email || t("ChatGPT account")}</option>)}
 			</select>}
 		</ConnectionRow>
 		{ui.inlineError && <p role="alert" className="text-xs text-red-400">{ui.inlineError}</p>}
-		{ui.warning && <div role="alert" data-testid="chatgpt-revocation-warning" className="rounded-sm border border-border px-3 py-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{ui.warning}<button type="button" className="ml-2 cursor-pointer underline underline-offset-2" onClick={ui.dismissWarning}>Dismiss</button></div>}
+		{ui.warning && <div role="alert" data-testid="chatgpt-revocation-warning" className="rounded-sm border border-border px-3 py-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{ui.warning}<button type="button" className="ml-2 cursor-pointer underline underline-offset-2" onClick={ui.dismissWarning}>{t("Dismiss")}</button></div>}
 	</div>;
 }
 
 /** Contextual consent discovery belongs beside background model choices only. */
 export function ChatGPTBackgroundAccess({ provider }: { provider: string | undefined }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const ui = useContext(Context);
 	const account: Account | undefined = ui.status.accounts.find((a) => a.id === ui.status.activeId && a.connected);
 	if (provider !== "chatgpt" || !account || ui.status.allowBackgroundUse) return null;
-	return <Button type="button" size="xs" variant="ghost" className="cursor-pointer" disabled={ui.busy} onClick={() => ui.manage(account.id)}>Enable background use</Button>;
+	return <Button type="button" size="xs" variant="ghost" className="cursor-pointer" disabled={ui.busy} onClick={() => ui.manage(account.id)}>{t("Enable background use")}</Button>;
 }

components/settings/connection-controls.tsx

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 "use client";
+
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
 import { useEffect, useRef } from "react";
 import { createPortal } from "react-dom";
 import { useBackdropDismiss } from "@/components/backdrop-dismiss";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 
 export function ConnectionRow({ label, action, disabled, onAction, children, testid, actionTestid }: { label: string; action: string; disabled: boolean; onAction: () => void; children?: React.ReactNode; testid?: string; actionTestid?: string }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-3" data-testid={testid}>
 		<span className="font-ui text-xs text-foreground">{label}</span>
 		{children}
-		<Button type="button" size="xs" variant={action === "Connect" ? "outline" : "ghost"} className={`cursor-pointer disabled:cursor-not-allowed ${action === "Connect" ? "" : "text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"}`} data-testid={actionTestid} disabled={disabled} onClick={onAction}>{action}</Button>
+		<Button type="button" size="xs" variant={action === t("Connect") ? "outline" : "ghost"} className={`cursor-pointer disabled:cursor-not-allowed ${action === t("Connect") ? "" : "text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"}`} data-testid={actionTestid} disabled={disabled} onClick={onAction}>{action}</Button>
 	</div>;
 }
 

components/settings/controls.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
 /**
  * Thin settings primitives (settings-app wave): the control kit the
  * settings dialog needs. Sections → groups → rows; everything SSRs clean
@@ -25,10 +27,11 @@ export function SettingsSection({
 	children: React.ReactNode;
 	testid?: string;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<section data-testid={testid} className="px-6 py-5">
-			<h2 className="text-sm uppercase tracking-widest text-foreground">{title}</h2>
-			{hint && <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{hint}</p>}
+			<h2 className="text-sm uppercase tracking-widest text-foreground">{t(title)}</h2>
+			{hint && <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t(hint)}</p>}
 			<div className="mt-4 flex flex-col gap-3">{children}</div>
 		</section>
 	);
@@ -45,9 +48,10 @@ export function SettingsGroup({
 	children: React.ReactNode;
 	testid?: string;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<div data-testid={testid} className="mt-5 border-t border-border/60 pt-4 first:mt-0 first:border-t-0 first:pt-0">
-			<p className="mb-2 text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground">{label}</p>
+			<p className="mb-2 text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground">{t(label)}</p>
 			<div className="flex flex-col gap-2">{children}</div>
 		</div>
 	);
@@ -70,11 +74,12 @@ export function SettingsRow({
 	 *  control is inert (parent off, no file yet, …). */
 	dimmed?: boolean;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<div data-testid={testid} className={cn("flex items-center justify-between gap-4 py-1", dimmed && "opacity-40")}>
 			<span className="min-w-0">
-				<span className="block font-prose text-(length:--lh-prose-size)">{label}</span>
-				{hint && <span className="block text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">{hint}</span>}
+				<span className="block font-prose text-(length:--lh-prose-size)">{t(label)}</span>
+				{hint && <span className="block text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">{t(hint)}</span>}
 			</span>
 			{children}
 		</div>
@@ -102,13 +107,14 @@ export function Toggle({
 	/** Optional native tooltip on the switch. */
 	title?: string;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<button
 			type="button"
 			role="switch"
 			aria-checked={checked}
-			aria-label={label}
-			{...(title ? { title } : {})}
+			aria-label={t(label)}
+			{...(title ? { title: t(title) } : {})}
 			disabled={disabled}
 			data-testid={`toggle-${label.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, "-")}`}
 			onClick={() => onChange(!checked)}

components/settings/keyboard-section.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 /**
  * The Keyboard section (thin settings wave): view / rebind / reset over
  * core/keyboard.ts's registry. The overrides persist in localStorage
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ export function nextOverrides(
 }
 
 export function KeyboardSection() {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [overrides, setOverrides] = useState<Partial<Record<KeyAction, string>>>({});
 	const [rebinding, setRebinding] = useState<KeyAction | null>(null);
 	const [nonce, setNonce] = useState(0);
@@ -101,20 +104,20 @@ export function KeyboardSection() {
 				if (!actions.length) return null;
 				return (
 					<div key={scope} data-testid={`kbd-scope-${scope}`}>
-						<p className="mb-1 text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/70">{label}</p>
+						<p className="mb-1 text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/70">{t(label)}</p>
 						<div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
 							{actions.map((def) => {
 								const effective = overrides[def.id] ?? def.binding;
 								return (
 									<SettingsRow
 										key={def.id}
-										label={def.label}
-										hint={def.displayOnly ? "Fixed — part of this screen" : undefined}
+										label={t(def.label)}
+										hint={def.displayOnly ? t("Fixed — part of this screen") : undefined}
 										testid={`kbd-row-${def.id}`}
 									>
 										<span className="flex items-center gap-2">
 											<kbd className="rounded-sm border border-border bg-muted px-1.5 py-0.5 font-ui text-xs">
-												{rebinding === def.id ? "Press keys…" : formatBinding(effective)}
+												{rebinding === def.id ? t("Press keys…") : t(formatBinding(effective))}
 											</kbd>
 											{def.displayOnly ? null : rebinding === def.id ? (
 												<button
@@ -122,8 +125,7 @@ export function KeyboardSection() {
 													onClick={() => setRebinding(null)}
 													className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 underline-offset-2 hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
 												>
-													Cancel
-												</button>
+													{t("Cancel")}</button>
 											) : (
 												<>
 													<button
@@ -132,8 +134,7 @@ export function KeyboardSection() {
 														data-testid={`kbd-rebind-${def.id}`}
 														className="text-xs text-muted-foreground underline-offset-2 hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
 													>
-														Rebind
-													</button>
+														{t("Rebind")}</button>
 													{overridden(def.id) && (
 														<button
 															type="button"
@@ -141,8 +142,7 @@ export function KeyboardSection() {
 															data-testid={`kbd-reset-${def.id}`}
 															className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 underline-offset-2 hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
 														>
-															Reset
-														</button>
+															{t("Reset")}</button>
 													)}
 												</>
 											)}
@@ -155,15 +155,14 @@ export function KeyboardSection() {
 				);
 			})}
 			<div className="mt-1 flex items-center justify-between">
-				<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">Stored on this device (lh:keymap) — overrides only.</span>
+				<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">{t("Stored on this device (lh:keymap) — overrides only.")}</span>
 				<button
 					type="button"
 					onClick={resetAll}
 					data-testid="kbd-reset-all"
 					className="text-xs text-muted-foreground underline-offset-2 hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
 				>
-					Reset all to defaults
-				</button>
+					{t("Reset all to defaults")}</button>
 			</div>
 		</>
 	);

components/settings/keys-section.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 "use client";
+import { translator, type Translator } from "@/src/core";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 /**
  * The Keys section (wave-5 polish, 2026-09-21 — owner design): a MINIMAL
  * key-value table. Provider left, masked key right, no description hints
@@ -98,11 +101,11 @@ export function classifyKeys(
 
 /** The minimal status line, e.g. "…ab12 · 64 chars" (" · env" marks an
  *  environment-owned value — the row itself is read-only then). Pure. */
-export function keyStatusLine(status: AuthKeyStatus): string {
-	if (!status.present || !status.masked) return "not set";
+export function keyStatusLine(status: AuthKeyStatus, t: Translator = translator("en")): string {
+	if (!status.present || !status.masked) return t("not set");
 	const tail = status.masked.replace(/ \((\d+) chars\)$/, "");
 	const chars = status.masked.match(/\((\d+) chars\)$/)?.[1] ?? "?";
-	return `${tail} · ${chars}${status.source === "env" ? " · env" : ""}`;
+	return `${tail} · ${chars}${status.source === "env" ? t(" · env") : ""}`;
 }
 
 /** One table row: label left, tiny docs link + status right. Writable
@@ -132,6 +135,7 @@ function KeyTableRow({
 	onCancel: () => void;
 	testid: string;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const envOwned = status.source === "env";
 	const [value, setValue] = useState("");
 	const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
@@ -163,8 +167,8 @@ function KeyTableRow({
 						onKeyDown={(e) => {
 							if (e.key === "Enter") void save();
 						}}
-						placeholder="Paste key…"
-						aria-label={`${label} key`}
+						placeholder={t("Paste key…")}
+						aria-label={t("{v0} key", { v0: label })}
 						data-testid={`${testid}-input`}
 						disabled={busy}
 						autoFocus
@@ -177,8 +181,7 @@ function KeyTableRow({
 						data-testid={`${testid}-save`}
 						className="shrink-0 text-xs text-foreground underline-offset-2 hover:underline disabled:text-muted-foreground/40 disabled:no-underline"
 					>
-						Save
-					</button>
+						{t("Save")}</button>
 					<button
 						type="button"
 						onClick={onCancel}
@@ -186,8 +189,7 @@ function KeyTableRow({
 						data-testid={`${testid}-cancel`}
 						className="shrink-0 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 underline-offset-2 hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
 					>
-						Cancel
-					</button>
+						{t("Cancel")}</button>
 					{status.present && status.source === "file" && onDelete && (
 						<button
 							type="button"
@@ -196,13 +198,12 @@ function KeyTableRow({
 							data-testid={`${testid}-delete`}
 							className="shrink-0 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 underline-offset-2 hover:text-red-500 hover:underline"
 						>
-							Delete
-						</button>
+							{t("Delete")}</button>
 					)}
 				</div>
 				{error && (
 					<p role="alert" data-testid={`${testid}-error`} className="px-1 text-xs text-red-500">
-						{error}
+						{t(error)}
 					</p>
 				)}
 			</div>
@@ -230,17 +231,16 @@ function KeyTableRow({
 							onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
 							className="text-[10px] text-muted-foreground/60 underline-offset-2 hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
 						>
-							key ↗
-						</a>
+							{t("key ↗")}</a>
 					)}
 					<span data-testid={`${testid}-status`} className="font-mono text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
-						{keyStatusLine(status)}
+						{keyStatusLine(status, t)}
 					</span>
 				</span>
 			</button>
 			{error && (
 				<p role="alert" data-testid={`${testid}-error`} className="pl-6 text-xs text-red-500">
-					{error}
+					{t(error)}
 				</p>
 			)}
 		</div>
@@ -256,6 +256,7 @@ function AddProviderRow({
 	addable: ProviderKeyInfo[];
 	onPick: (p: ProviderKeyInfo) => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
 	const anchorRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
 
@@ -290,7 +291,7 @@ function AddProviderRow({
 				onClick={() => setOpen((v) => !v)}
 				className="flex w-full items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-sm px-1 py-1.5 text-left font-ui text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent/50 hover:text-foreground"
 			>
-				<span>+ Add provider key</span>
+				<span>{t("+ Add provider key")}</span>
 				{addable.length > 0 && <span className="font-mono text-[11px]">{addable.length}</span>}
 			</button>
 			{open && (
@@ -324,6 +325,7 @@ export function KeysSection({
 }: {
 	initialRow?: string;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [statuses, setStatuses] = useState<AuthKeyStatus[] | null>(null);
 	const [providers, setProviders] = useState<ProviderKeyInfo[] | undefined>(undefined);
 	const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
@@ -397,7 +399,7 @@ export function KeysSection({
 	}
 
 	if (loading || statuses === null) {
-		return <p className="px-6 py-5 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">Loading keys…</p>;
+		return <p className="px-6 py-5 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">{t("Loading keys…")}</p>;
 	}
 
 	const { providerRows, toolRows, unknownRows, addable } = classifyKeys(statuses, providers);
@@ -413,7 +415,7 @@ export function KeysSection({
 
 	return (
 		<>
-			<SettingsGroup label="Model API keys" testid="group-provider-keys">
+			<SettingsGroup label={t("Model API keys")} testid="group-provider-keys">
 				{providerRows.map((status) => (
 					<KeyTableRow
 						key={status.id}
@@ -455,7 +457,7 @@ export function KeysSection({
 				</div>}
 			</SettingsGroup>
 
-			<SettingsGroup label="Subscriptions" testid="group-subscriptions">
+			<SettingsGroup label={t("Subscriptions")} testid="group-subscriptions">
 				<SubscriptionConnections />
 			</SettingsGroup>
 
@@ -497,6 +499,7 @@ function AddProviderEditor({
 	onCancel: () => void;
 	error: string | null;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [value, setValue] = useState("");
 	return (
 		<>
@@ -507,8 +510,8 @@ function AddProviderEditor({
 				onKeyDown={(e) => {
 					if (e.key === "Enter" && value.trim()) onSave(value);
 				}}
-				placeholder="Paste key…"
-				aria-label={`${provider.label} key`}
+				placeholder={t("Paste key…")}
+				aria-label={t("{v0} key", { v0: provider.label })}
 				data-testid={`key-${provider.id}-input`}
 				autoFocus
 				className="h-7 min-w-0 flex-1 rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-1.5 font-mono text-xs text-foreground outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground/60 focus:border-muted-foreground/50"
@@ -520,19 +523,17 @@ function AddProviderEditor({
 				data-testid={`key-${provider.id}-save`}
 				className="shrink-0 text-xs text-foreground underline-offset-2 hover:underline disabled:text-muted-foreground/40 disabled:no-underline"
 			>
-				Save
-			</button>
+				{t("Save")}</button>
 			<button
 				type="button"
 				onClick={onCancel}
 				data-testid={`key-${provider.id}-cancel`}
 				className="shrink-0 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 underline-offset-2 hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
 			>
-				Cancel
-			</button>
+				{t("Cancel")}</button>
 			{error && (
 				<p role="alert" className="w-full pl-0 text-xs text-red-500" data-testid={`key-${provider.id}-error`}>
-					{error}
+					{t(error)}
 				</p>
 			)}
 		</>

components/settings/model-menu.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 /**
  * The model menu (extracted 2026-09-20 from model-picker.tsx, owner ask:
  * the agent settings' role selects use the EXACT same dropdown as the
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ export function ModelMenuList({
 	/** Quiet footer note under the list (context-specific). */
 	footer?: string;
 }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const [query, setQuery] = useState("");
 	const [menuIdx, setMenuIdx] = useState<number | null>(null);
 	const searchRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
@@ -104,12 +107,12 @@ export function ModelMenuList({
 						}
 					}
 				}}
-				placeholder="Search models…"
+				placeholder={t("Search models…")}
 				className="lh-input mb-1.5 w-full rounded-lg border bg-background px-2 py-1.5 text-foreground outline-none focus:ring-1 focus:ring-ring"
 			/>
-			{!models && <div className="px-2 py-3 text-center text-muted-foreground">Loading models…</div>}
+			{!models && <div className="px-2 py-3 text-center text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading models…")}</div>}
 			{models && results.length === 0 && (
-				<div className="px-2 py-3 text-center text-muted-foreground">No models match.</div>
+				<div className="px-2 py-3 text-center text-muted-foreground">{t("No models match.")}</div>
 			)}
 			<ul ref={listRef} data-testid="model-list" className="flex max-h-72 flex-col overflow-y-auto px-1">
 				{results.map((m, i) => (
@@ -125,13 +128,13 @@ export function ModelMenuList({
 						>
 							<span className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
 								<span className="truncate text-card-foreground">{m.name}</span>
-								<span className="shrink-0 tabular-nums text-muted-foreground" title={subscriptionLabel(`${m.provider}:${m.id}`) ? "Subscription connection" : "USD per 1M tokens in/out"}>
+								<span className="shrink-0 tabular-nums text-muted-foreground" title={subscriptionLabel(`${m.provider}:${m.id}`) ? t("Subscription connection") : t("USD per 1M tokens in/out")}>
 									{subscriptionLabel(`${m.provider}:${m.id}`) ?? priceLabel(m.cost)}
 								</span>
 							</span>
 							<span className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 text-muted-foreground">
-								<span className="truncate">{subscriptionLabel(`${m.provider}:${m.id}`) ? `${subscriptionLabel(`${m.provider}:${m.id}`)} (subscription)` : m.provider} · {m.id}</span>
-								<span className="shrink-0 tabular-nums">{formatTokens(m.contextWindow)}</span>
+								<span className="truncate">{subscriptionLabel(`${m.provider}:${m.id}`) ? t("{v0} (subscription)", { v0: subscriptionLabel(`${m.provider}:${m.id}`) }) : m.provider} · {m.id}</span>
+								<span className="shrink-0 tabular-nums">{formatTokens(m.contextWindow, language)}</span>
 							</span>
 						</button>
 					</li>
@@ -160,22 +163,23 @@ export function ThinkingMenuList({
 	empty?: string;
 	footer?: string;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<>
 			{levels.length === 0 ? (
-				<div className="px-2 py-3 text-center text-muted-foreground">{empty ?? "No thinking levels."}</div>
+				<div className="px-2 py-3 text-center text-muted-foreground">{empty ?? t("No thinking levels.")}</div>
 			) : (
 				levels.map((level) => (
 					<button
-						key={level}
+						key={t(level)}
 						type="button"
-						data-testid={`thinking-option-${level}`}
+						data-testid={`thinking-option-${t(level)}`}
 						onClick={() => onPick(level)}
 						className={`flex items-center justify-between rounded-lg px-2 py-1.5 text-left transition-colors hover:bg-muted ${
 							level === effectiveLevel ? "bg-muted/60 text-card-foreground" : "text-card-foreground"
 						}`}
 					>
-						<span>{level}</span>
+						<span>{t(level)}</span>
 						{level === effectiveLevel && <span aria-hidden>✓</span>}
 					</button>
 				))
@@ -199,6 +203,7 @@ export function ProviderMenuList({
 	providers: { id: string; envVar: string; label: string }[];
 	onPick: (provider: { id: string; envVar: string; label: string }) => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [query, setQuery] = useState("");
 	const [menuIdx, setMenuIdx] = useState<number | null>(null);
 	const searchRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
@@ -248,11 +253,11 @@ export function ProviderMenuList({
 						}
 					}
 				}}
-				placeholder="Search providers…"
+				placeholder={t("Search providers…")}
 				className="lh-input mb-1.5 w-full rounded-lg border bg-background px-2 py-1.5 text-foreground outline-none focus:ring-1 focus:ring-ring"
 			/>
 			{results.length === 0 && (
-				<div className="px-2 py-3 text-center text-muted-foreground">No providers match.</div>
+				<div className="px-2 py-3 text-center text-muted-foreground">{t("No providers match.")}</div>
 			)}
 			<ul ref={listRef} data-testid="provider-list" className="flex max-h-72 flex-col overflow-y-auto px-1">
 				{results.map((p, i) => (
@@ -283,7 +288,7 @@ export function ProviderMenuList({
  *  with the default first and a searched list drops it honestly — Enter
  *  can never pick a row that isn't on screen. Pure — exported for
  *  tests. */
-export function fontMenuResults(query: string, families: string[]): Array<string | null> {
+export function fontMenuResults(query: string, families: string[], defaultFamily = "Source Sans 3"): Array<string | null> {
 	const scored = families
 		.map((f) => ({ f, s: fuzzyScore(query, f) }))
 		.filter((r) => r.s !== null)
@@ -291,7 +296,7 @@ export function fontMenuResults(query: string, families: string[]): Array<string
 		.map((r) => r.f);
 	// The default row's searchable identity: the factory family + the
 	// word "default" (the suffix it renders with).
-	const defaultScore = fuzzyScore(query, "Source Sans 3", "default");
+	const defaultScore = fuzzyScore(query, defaultFamily, "default");
 	if (query.trim() === "" || defaultScore !== null) return [null, ...scored];
 	return scored;
 }
@@ -300,10 +305,10 @@ export function fontMenuResults(query: string, families: string[]): Array<string
  *  query that matches NO family becomes the "Use '<query>'" custom pick —
  *  a matching family is the better pick, so the action row only exists
  *  when there is nothing else to pick. Exported for tests. */
-export function customFamilyFor(query: string, families: string[]): string | null {
+export function customFamilyFor(query: string, families: string[], defaultFamily = "Source Sans 3"): string | null {
 	const trimmed = query.trim();
 	if (trimmed === "") return null;
-	return fontMenuResults(query, families).length === 0 ? trimmed : null;
+	return fontMenuResults(query, families, defaultFamily).length === 0 ? trimmed : null;
 }
 
 /** The reading-font dropdown body — ONE search field (owner ask
@@ -329,6 +334,7 @@ export function FontMenuList({
 	/** Quiet footer note under the list. */
 	footer?: string;
 }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const [query, setQuery] = useState("");
 	const [menuIdx, setMenuIdx] = useState<number | null>(null);
 	const searchRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
@@ -343,10 +349,11 @@ export function FontMenuList({
 		listRef.current?.querySelector(`[data-idx="${menuIdx}"]`)?.scrollIntoView({ block: "nearest" });
 	}, [menuIdx]);
 
-	const results = fontMenuResults(query, families ?? []);
+	const defaultFamily = language === "ru" ? "Noto Sans" : "Source Sans 3";
+	const results = fontMenuResults(query, families ?? [], defaultFamily);
 	// The custom-family action row: only when a typed query matches
 	// nothing (a matching family is the better pick). Enter picks it.
-	const customFamily = customFamilyFor(query, families ?? []);
+	const customFamily = customFamilyFor(query, families ?? [], defaultFamily);
 	const walkable: Array<string | null> = customFamily !== null ? ["__custom__"] : results;
 
 	return (
@@ -378,10 +385,10 @@ export function FontMenuList({
 						}
 					}
 				}}
-				placeholder="Search fonts…"
+				placeholder={t("Search fonts…")}
 				className="lh-input mb-1.5 w-full rounded-lg border bg-background px-2 py-1.5 text-foreground outline-none focus:ring-1 focus:ring-ring"
 			/>
-			{!families && <div className="px-2 py-3 text-center text-muted-foreground">Loading fonts…</div>}
+			{!families && <div className="px-2 py-3 text-center text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading fonts…")}</div>}
 			<ul ref={listRef} data-testid="font-list" className="flex max-h-72 flex-col overflow-y-auto px-1">
 				{families &&
 					results.map((family, i) => {
@@ -398,7 +405,7 @@ export function FontMenuList({
 										i === menuIdx ? "bg-accent/40 ring-1 ring-inset ring-border" : ""
 									}${effective && i !== menuIdx ? " bg-muted/60" : ""}`}
 								>
-									<span className="truncate text-card-foreground">{family ?? "Source Sans 3"}</span>
+									<span className="truncate text-card-foreground">{family ?? (language === "ru" ? "Noto Sans" : "Source Sans 3")}</span>
 									<span className="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground">{isDefault ? "default" : effective && <span aria-hidden>✓</span>}</span>
 								</button>
 							</li>
@@ -415,8 +422,8 @@ export function FontMenuList({
 								menuIdx === 0 ? "bg-accent/40 ring-1 ring-inset ring-border" : ""
 							}`}
 						>
-							<span className="truncate text-card-foreground">Use “{customFamily}”</span>
-							<span className="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground">custom</span>
+							<span className="truncate text-card-foreground">{t("Use “")}{customFamily}”</span>
+							<span className="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground">{t("custom")}</span>
 						</button>
 					</li>
 				)}

components/settings/settings-dialog.tsx

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import {
 	type GraphSettings,
 	type UserSettings,
 } from "@/src/core";
+import { LanguageSelect, useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
 import { useAppearance } from "./appearance.tsx";
 import { SettingsSection, SettingsRow, Toggle } from "./controls.tsx";
 import { AgentSection } from "./agent-section.tsx";
@@ -144,6 +145,7 @@ export function SettingsDialogBody({
 	 *  retargets follow it exactly like initialSection below. */
 	initialRow?: string | null;
 }) {
+	const { t, general, saveGeneral } = useI18n();
 	const { onAppearanceChange } = useAppearance();
 	const [record, setRecord] = useState<UserSettings | null | undefined>(
 		undefined,
@@ -232,6 +234,10 @@ export function SettingsDialogBody({
 			body: object,
 		) => {
 			setError(null);
+			if (section === "general") {
+				try { await saveGeneral(body); } catch (error) { setError(error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Could not save language settings"); }
+				return;
+			}
 			const res = await fetch(`/api/settings/${section}`, {
 				method: "PUT",
 				headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
@@ -260,30 +266,30 @@ export function SettingsDialogBody({
 			if (section === "appearance")
 				onAppearanceChange(body as AppearanceSettings);
 		},
-		[onAppearanceChange],
+		[onAppearanceChange, saveGeneral, t],
 	);
 
 	return (
 		<div
 			role="dialog"
 			aria-modal="true"
-			aria-label="Settings"
+			aria-label={t("Settings")}
 			data-testid="settings-dialog"
 			className="settings-dialog-pop flex h-[620px] max-h-[85vh] w-[920px] max-w-[90vw] flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border bg-card shadow-xl"
 			onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
 		>
 			{/* Header — the app's quiet CMU title language. */}
 			<header className="flex h-15 shrink-0 items-center gap-3 border-b border-border px-5">
-				<h2 className="font-title text-2xl tracking-tight">Settings</h2>
+				<h2 className="font-title text-2xl tracking-tight">{t("Settings")}</h2>
 				<Hint
 						// Esc closes the dialog (its own listener) — surface it.
-						label="Close"
+						label={t("Close")}
 						binding="escape"
 						side="left"
 					>
 						<button
 					type="button"
-					aria-label="Close settings"
+					aria-label={t("Close settings")}
 					data-testid="settings-close"
 					className="ml-auto size-7 rounded-sm text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 					onClick={onClose}
@@ -305,7 +311,7 @@ export function SettingsDialogBody({
 				{/* Left nav — text-only, the session-list mono language,
 					    active = bg-accent. */}
 				<nav
-					aria-label="Settings sections"
+					aria-label={t("Settings sections")}
 					data-testid="settings-nav"
 					className="flex w-44 shrink-0 flex-col gap-1 border-r border-border p-2"
 				>
@@ -322,7 +328,7 @@ export function SettingsDialogBody({
 							}`}
 							onClick={() => setActive(s.id)}
 						>
-							{s.label}
+							{t(s.label)}
 						</button>
 					))}
 				</nav>
@@ -344,32 +350,32 @@ export function SettingsDialogBody({
 							className="m-4 rounded-sm border border-red-500/40 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-red-500"
 							data-testid="settings-error"
 						>
-							{error}
+							{t(error)}
 						</p>
 					)}
 					{record === undefined ? (
 						<p className="px-6 py-5 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">
-							Loading settings…
-						</p>
+							{t("Loading settings…")}</p>
 					) : record === null ? (
 						<p className="px-6 py-5 text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">
-							Settings could not be loaded — refresh to retry.
-						</p>
+							{t("Settings could not be loaded — refresh to retry.")}</p>
 					) : (
 						<div>
 							{active === "general" && (
 								<SettingsSection
-									title="General"
+									title={t("General")}
 									testid="section-general"
 								>
+									<SettingsRow label={t("Interface language")} testid="row-language"><LanguageSelect field="language" /></SettingsRow>
+									<SettingsRow label={t("Speech recognition language")} testid="row-stt-language"><LanguageSelect field="sttLanguage" /></SettingsRow>
 									<SettingsRow
-										label="Auto-update"
+										label={t("Auto-update")}
 										hint={AUTO_UPDATE_HINT}
 										testid="row-auto-update"
 									>
 										<Toggle
-											checked={record.general?.autoUpdate ?? true}
-											label="auto update"
+											checked={general.autoUpdate ?? true}
+											label={t("auto update")}
 											onChange={(on) =>
 												void write("general", { autoUpdate: on })
 											}
@@ -378,13 +384,13 @@ export function SettingsDialogBody({
 								</SettingsSection>
 							)}
 							{active === "keys" && (
-								<SettingsSection title="Providers" testid="section-keys">
+								<SettingsSection title={t("Providers")} testid="section-keys">
 									<KeysSection initialRow={initialRow ?? undefined} />
 								</SettingsSection>
 							)}
 							{active === "agent" && (
 								<SettingsSection
-									title="Agent"
+									title={t("Agent")}
 									testid="section-agent"
 								>
 									<AgentSection
@@ -406,7 +412,7 @@ export function SettingsDialogBody({
 							)}
 							{active === "appearance" && (
 								<SettingsSection
-									title="Appearance"
+									title={t("Appearance")}
 									testid="section-appearance"
 								>
 									<AppearanceSection
@@ -419,7 +425,7 @@ export function SettingsDialogBody({
 							)}
 							{active === "graph" && (
 								<SettingsSection
-									title="Graph"
+									title={t("Graph")}
 									testid="section-graph"
 								>
 									<GraphSection
@@ -432,8 +438,8 @@ export function SettingsDialogBody({
 							)}
 							{active === "keyboard" && (
 								<SettingsSection
-									title="Keyboard"
-									hint="Stored on this device"
+									title={t("Keyboard")}
+									hint={t("Stored on this device")}
 									testid="section-keyboard"
 								>
 									<KeyboardSection />

components/settings/subscription-connections.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 "use client";
+import { translator, type Translator } from "@/src/core";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { NATIVE_SUBSCRIPTIONS, type NativeSubscriptionProviderId, type NativeSubscriptionStatus } from "@/src/core";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
@@ -9,13 +12,14 @@ import { Toggle } from "./controls";
 
 export const COPILOT_POLICY_NOTICE = "Pi's native Copilot sign-in may enable additional models whose policy is not yet configured. Models explicitly disabled by policy are not enabled. Organization restrictions still apply.";
 export const SUBSCRIPTION_BACKGROUND_HINT = "Allow LearnHarness helper agents and automatic follow-ups to use this connection.";
-export function subscriptionNotice(label: string): string { return `Your prompts, tool results, and relevant session context are sent to ${label} to run the work you select. Credentials are stored locally in an owner-only plaintext file. Provider terms, data-use policies, and plan limits apply. This connection never falls back to an API key.`; }
-export function subscriptionDisconnectCopy(label: string): string { return `Disconnect ${label} from LearnHarness? This stops work using this connection and removes its saved credentials from this device. It does not cancel your subscription or revoke access at the provider. Saved model choices will remain unavailable until you reconnect or change them.`; }
+export function subscriptionNotice(label: string, t: Translator = translator("en")): string { return t("Your prompts, tool results, and relevant session context are sent to {v0} to run the work you select. Credentials are stored locally in an owner-only plaintext file. Provider terms, data-use policies, and plan limits apply. This connection never falls back to an API key.", { v0: label }); }
+export function subscriptionDisconnectCopy(label: string, t: Translator = translator("en")): string { return t("Disconnect {v0} from LearnHarness? This stops work using this connection and removes its saved credentials from this device. It does not cancel your subscription or revoke access at the provider. Saved model choices will remain unavailable until you reconnect or change them.", { v0: label }); }
 export function emptySubscriptionStatus(providerId: NativeSubscriptionProviderId): NativeSubscriptionStatus { return { providerId, available: false, connected: false, pending: false, allowBackgroundUse: true, connectionId: null, epoch: 0, authorityRevision: 0, revision: 0 }; }
 const Context = createContext({ statuses: [] as NativeSubscriptionStatus[], busy: false, open: (_providerId: NativeSubscriptionProviderId) => {} });
 const CONTROL_ERROR = "The connection could not be changed. Try again.";
 
 export function NativeSubscriptionUIProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [statuses, setStatuses] = useState<NativeSubscriptionStatus[]>([]);
 	const [dialog, setDialog] = useState<NativeSubscriptionProviderId | null>(null);
 	const [view, setView] = useState<"notice" | "connection" | "manage">("notice");
@@ -81,58 +85,60 @@ export function NativeSubscriptionUIProvider({ children }: { children: React.Rea
 	const bridge = typeof window === "undefined" ? undefined : window.lh?.subscriptions;
 	return <Context.Provider value={{ statuses, busy: !!operation, open }}>
 		{children}
-		{dialog && descriptor && status && <ConnectionDialog key={`${dialog}:${view}:${confirm}`} label={`${descriptor.label} connection`} testid="subscription-connection-dialog" backdropTestid="subscription-dialog-backdrop" busy={busy} onClose={close}>
+		{dialog && descriptor && status && <ConnectionDialog key={`${dialog}:${view}:${confirm}`} label={t("{v0} connection", { v0: descriptor.label })} testid="subscription-connection-dialog" backdropTestid="subscription-dialog-backdrop" busy={busy} onClose={close}>
 			<h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{descriptor.label}</h2>
 			{confirm ? <>
-				<p className="mt-3 text-sm font-semibold text-red-400">Disconnect {descriptor.label}?</p>
-				<p className="mt-3 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">{subscriptionDisconnectCopy(descriptor.label)}</p>
+				<p className="mt-3 text-sm font-semibold text-red-400">{t("Disconnect")}{" "}{descriptor.label}?</p>
+				<p className="mt-3 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">{subscriptionDisconnectCopy(descriptor.label, t)}</p>
 			</> : view === "notice" ? <>
-				<p className="mt-3 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground" data-testid="subscription-privacy-notice">{subscriptionNotice(descriptor.label)}</p>
-				{dialog === "github-copilot" && <p className="mt-3 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground" data-testid="copilot-policy-notice">{COPILOT_POLICY_NOTICE}</p>}
+				<p className="mt-3 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground" data-testid="subscription-privacy-notice">{subscriptionNotice(descriptor.label, t)}</p>
+				{dialog === "github-copilot" && <p className="mt-3 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground" data-testid="copilot-policy-notice">{t(COPILOT_POLICY_NOTICE)}</p>}
 			</> : <>
 				<div className="mt-4 flex items-center gap-3 text-xs text-foreground">
-					<Toggle label="Allow background use" checked={management ? status.allowBackgroundUse : background} disabled={busy || !!operation || status.pending || !status.available} onChange={(enabled) => { setBackground(enabled); if (management && bridge) void control(() => bridge.consent(dialog, enabled)); else setBackgroundDirty(true); }} />
-					<span>Allow background use<span className="mt-1 block leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">{SUBSCRIPTION_BACKGROUND_HINT}</span></span>
+					<Toggle label={t("Allow background use")} checked={management ? status.allowBackgroundUse : background} disabled={busy || !!operation || status.pending || !status.available} onChange={(enabled) => { setBackground(enabled); if (management && bridge) void control(() => bridge.consent(dialog, enabled)); else setBackgroundDirty(true); }} />
+					<span>{t("Allow background use")}<span className="mt-1 block leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">{t(SUBSCRIPTION_BACKGROUND_HINT)}</span></span>
 				</div>
-				{!status.available && <p className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">Subscription sign-in requires the desktop app's private server connection. API-key connections remain available here.</p>}
+				{!status.available && <p className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Subscription sign-in requires the desktop app's private server connection. API-key connections remain available here.")}</p>}
 				{view === "connection" && interaction && <div className="mt-3 space-y-3 text-xs" data-testid="subscription-login-interaction">
-					{interaction.progress && <p role="status" className="text-muted-foreground">{interaction.progress}</p>}
-					{interaction.userCode && <p>Device code: <code className="select-text font-mono">{interaction.userCode}</code></p>}
-					{interaction.browser && <Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={busy} onClick={() => bridge && void bridge.open(dialog, interaction.attemptId, interaction.browser!.id).catch(() => setError("The browser could not be opened. Try again."))}>Open browser</Button>}
+					{interaction.progress && <p role="status" className="text-muted-foreground">{t(interaction.progress)}</p>}
+					{interaction.userCode && <p>{t("Device code:")}{" "}<code className="select-text font-mono">{interaction.userCode}</code></p>}
+					{interaction.browser && <Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={busy} onClick={() => bridge && void bridge.open(dialog, interaction.attemptId, interaction.browser!.id).catch(() => setError("The browser could not be opened. Try again."))}>{t("Open browser")}</Button>}
 					{prompt && <form className="space-y-2" onSubmit={(event) => { event.preventDefault(); if (bridge) void bridge.respond(dialog, interaction.attemptId, prompt.id, promptValue).catch(() => setError(CONTROL_ERROR)); }}>
-						<label className="block" htmlFor="subscription-auth-prompt">{prompt.message}</label>
-						{prompt.type === "select" ? <select id="subscription-auth-prompt" value={promptValue} onChange={(event) => setPromptValue(event.target.value)} className="w-full rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-2 py-1.5"><option value="" disabled>Select…</option>{prompt.options?.map((option) => <option key={option.id} value={option.id}>{option.label}</option>)}</select> : <input id="subscription-auth-prompt" type={prompt.type === "secret" ? "password" : "text"} autoComplete="off" value={promptValue} placeholder={prompt.placeholder} onChange={(event) => setPromptValue(event.target.value)} className="w-full rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-2 py-1.5" />}
-						<Button type="submit" variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={busy || (prompt.type === "select" && !promptValue)}>Continue</Button>
+						<label className="block" htmlFor="subscription-auth-prompt">{t(prompt.message)}</label>
+						{prompt.type === "select" ? <select id="subscription-auth-prompt" value={promptValue} onChange={(event) => setPromptValue(event.target.value)} className="w-full rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-2 py-1.5"><option value="" disabled>{t("Select…")}</option>{prompt.options?.map((option) => <option key={option.id} value={option.id}>{t(option.label)}</option>)}</select> : <input id="subscription-auth-prompt" type={prompt.type === "secret" ? "password" : "text"} autoComplete="off" value={promptValue} placeholder={prompt.placeholder ? t(prompt.placeholder) : undefined} onChange={(event) => setPromptValue(event.target.value)} className="w-full rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-2 py-1.5" />}
+						<Button type="submit" variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={busy || (prompt.type === "select" && !promptValue)}>{t("Continue")}</Button>
 					</form>}
 				</div>}
 			</>}
-			{(error || status.error) && <p role="alert" className="mt-3 text-xs text-red-400">{error || status.error}</p>}
-			<ConnectionFooter testid="subscription-connection-footer" leading={!confirm && management && status.connectionId && !status.pending && <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" className="cursor-pointer text-red-400 hover:bg-red-500/10 hover:text-red-300" disabled={busy || !!operation} onClick={() => setConfirm(true)}>Disconnect</Button>}>
+			{(error || status.error) && <p role="alert" className="mt-3 text-xs text-red-400">{t(error || status.error || "")}</p>}
+			<ConnectionFooter testid="subscription-connection-footer" leading={!confirm && management && status.connectionId && !status.pending && <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" className="cursor-pointer text-red-400 hover:bg-red-500/10 hover:text-red-300" disabled={busy || !!operation} onClick={() => setConfirm(true)}>{t("Disconnect")}</Button>}>
 				{!confirm && management && status.connectionId && status.available && !status.connected && !!status.error && !status.pending && <>
-					{status.error && <Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={busy || !!operation} onClick={() => bridge && void control(() => bridge.retry(dialog))}>Retry</Button>}
-					<Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={!status.available || busy || !!operation} onClick={beginSignIn}>Sign in again</Button>
+					{status.error && <Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={busy || !!operation} onClick={() => bridge && void control(() => bridge.retry(dialog))}>{t("Retry")}</Button>}
+					<Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={!status.available || busy || !!operation} onClick={beginSignIn}>{t("Sign in again")}</Button>
 				</>}
-				<Button variant={!confirm && management ? "outline" : "ghost"} size="sm" disabled={busy} onClick={close}>{confirm || !management ? "Cancel" : "Close"}</Button>
-				{confirm ? <Button variant="destructive" size="sm" disabled={busy} onClick={() => bridge && void control(() => bridge.disconnect(dialog), true)}>Disconnect</Button> : view === "notice" ? <Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={!status.available || !!operation} onClick={() => setView("connection")}>Continue</Button> : view === "connection" && <Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={!status.available || !!operation || status.pending} onClick={() => void login()}>Connect</Button>}
+				<Button variant={!confirm && management ? "outline" : "ghost"} size="sm" disabled={busy} onClick={close}>{confirm || !management ? t("Cancel") : t("Close")}</Button>
+				{confirm ? <Button variant="destructive" size="sm" disabled={busy} onClick={() => bridge && void control(() => bridge.disconnect(dialog), true)}>{t("Disconnect")}</Button> : view === "notice" ? <Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={!status.available || !!operation} onClick={() => setView("connection")}>{t("Continue")}</Button> : view === "connection" && <Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={!status.available || !!operation || status.pending} onClick={() => void login()}>{t("Connect")}</Button>}
 			</ConnectionFooter>
 		</ConnectionDialog>}
 	</Context.Provider>;
 }
 
 export function NativeSubscriptionConnection({ providerId }: { providerId: NativeSubscriptionProviderId }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const ui = useContext(Context), descriptor = NATIVE_SUBSCRIPTIONS.find((p) => p.providerId === providerId)!;
 	const status = ui.statuses.find((s) => s.providerId === providerId) ?? emptySubscriptionStatus(providerId);
 	return <div className="flex flex-col gap-2" data-testid={`${providerId}-connection`}>
-		<ConnectionRow label={descriptor.label} action={status.connectionId ? "Manage…" : "Connect"} disabled={ui.busy || !status.available || ui.statuses.some((s) => s.pending)} onAction={() => ui.open(providerId)} />
-		{status.error && <p role="alert" className="text-xs text-red-400">{status.error}</p>}
+		<ConnectionRow label={descriptor.label} action={status.connectionId ? t("Manage…") : t("Connect")} disabled={ui.busy || !status.available || ui.statuses.some((s) => s.pending)} onAction={() => ui.open(providerId)} />
+		{status.error && <p role="alert" className="text-xs text-red-400">{t(status.error)}</p>}
 	</div>;
 }
 export function SubscriptionConnections({ setup = false }: { setup?: boolean }) {
 	return <div className="space-y-3" data-testid="subscription-connections"><ChatGPTConnection setup={setup} />{NATIVE_SUBSCRIPTIONS.map((p) => <NativeSubscriptionConnection key={p.providerId} providerId={p.providerId} />)}</div>;
 }
 export function NativeSubscriptionBackgroundAccess({ provider }: { provider: string | undefined }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const ui = useContext(Context), descriptor = NATIVE_SUBSCRIPTIONS.find((p) => p.logicalId === provider);
 	const status = ui.statuses.find((s) => s.providerId === descriptor?.providerId);
 	if (!descriptor || !status?.connected || status.allowBackgroundUse) return null;
-	return <Button type="button" size="xs" variant="ghost" disabled={ui.busy} onClick={() => ui.open(descriptor.providerId)}>Enable background use</Button>;
+	return <Button type="button" size="xs" variant="ghost" disabled={ui.busy} onClick={() => ui.open(descriptor.providerId)}>{t("Enable background use")}</Button>;
 }

components/setup-cta.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 /**
  * The zero-keys surfaces (zero-keys wave, 2026-09-25, owner-locked over
  * Platform's 66dbea9 key-presence gate): when NO model-provider key
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ export function useZeroKeys(): boolean {
  *  chain's copy. testid "setup-cta-keys" (the models CTA keeps
  *  "setup-cta"; probes can tell them apart). */
 export function ZeroKeysPill({ onOpen, inline = false }: { onOpen: () => void; inline?: boolean }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const button = (
 		<button
 			type="button"
@@ -53,8 +56,7 @@ export function ZeroKeysPill({ onOpen, inline = false }: { onOpen: () => void; i
 			onClick={onOpen}
 			className="rounded-sm border border-border bg-card px-3 py-1.5 font-ui text-xs text-foreground transition-colors hover:border-muted-foreground/50 hover:bg-accent cursor-pointer"
 		>
-			Add a provider key
-		</button>
+			{t("Add a provider key")}</button>
 	);
 	return inline ? button : <div className="pointer-events-auto mb-2 flex justify-center">{button}</div>;
 }

components/setup-dialog.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 /**
  * The first-run setup flow (model-slots wave, 2026-09-20, owner design
  * "A — composer CTA + send interception"): chats cannot start until the
@@ -147,22 +149,22 @@ export function SetupKeysBody({
 	/** The MenuShell anchor — wired by the wrapper (its triggerRef). */
 	menuAnchor: React.RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<div className="flex flex-col gap-3 px-6 py-5" data-testid="setup-stage-keys">
 			<p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-				Choose your AI provider and paste its API key. You’ll pick your models next.
-			</p>
+				{t("Choose your AI provider and paste its API key. You’ll pick your models next.")}</p>
 			<div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
 				<div ref={menuAnchor} className="relative max-w-96">
 					<button
 						type="button"
-						aria-label="Provider"
+						aria-label={t("Provider")}
 						data-testid="setup-key-provider"
 						aria-expanded={menuOpen}
 						onClick={onToggleMenu}
 						className="flex h-7 w-full items-center gap-1 rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-1.5 font-ui text-xs text-foreground transition-colors hover:border-muted-foreground/50"
 					>
-						<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-left">{provider ? provider.label : "Pick a provider…"}</span>
+						<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-left">{provider ? provider.label : t("Pick a provider…")}</span>
 						<span aria-hidden className="text-muted-foreground">
 							▾
 						</span>
@@ -188,8 +190,8 @@ export function SetupKeysBody({
 							onKeyDown={(e) => {
 								if (e.key === "Enter" && value.trim()) onSave();
 							}}
-							placeholder="Paste key…"
-							aria-label={`${provider.label} key`}
+							placeholder={t("Paste key…")}
+							aria-label={t("{v0} key", { v0: provider.label })}
 							data-testid="setup-key-input"
 							disabled={saving}
 							autoFocus
@@ -202,17 +204,17 @@ export function SetupKeysBody({
 							data-testid="setup-key-save"
 							className="shrink-0 rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-3 py-1.5 font-ui text-xs text-foreground transition-colors hover:border-muted-foreground/50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-40"
 						>
-							{saving ? "Saving…" : "Save key"}
+							{saving ? t("Saving…") : t("Save key")}
 						</button>
 					</div>
 				)}
 				{error && (
 					<p role="alert" data-testid="setup-key-error" className="text-xs text-red-400">
-						{error}
+						{t(error)}
 					</p>
 				)}
 			</div>
-			<div className="mt-2 border-t border-border/60 pt-4"><h3 className="mb-3 font-ui text-xs text-muted-foreground">Subscriptions</h3><SubscriptionConnections setup /></div>
+			<div className="mt-2 border-t border-border/60 pt-4"><h3 className="mb-3 font-ui text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Subscriptions")}</h3><SubscriptionConnections setup /></div>
 		</div>
 	);
 }
@@ -228,6 +230,7 @@ export function SetupDialog({
 	onClose: () => void;
 	onDone: (models: ModelsSettings) => void;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const backdropDismiss = useBackdropDismiss(onClose);
 	const [body, setBody] = useState<ModelsBody | null>(null);
 	const [failed, setFailed] = useState(false);
@@ -407,17 +410,17 @@ export function SetupDialog({
 			<div
 				role="dialog"
 				aria-modal="true"
-				aria-label="Set up your models"
+				aria-label={t("Set up your models")}
 				data-testid="setup-dialog"
 				className="settings-dialog-pop flex max-h-[85vh] w-[640px] max-w-[90vw] flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border bg-card shadow-xl"
 				onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
 			>
 				<header className="flex h-15 shrink-0 items-center gap-3 border-b border-border px-5">
-					<h2 className="font-title text-2xl tracking-tight">Set up your models</h2>
-					<Hint label="Close" binding="escape" side="left">
+					<h2 className="font-title text-2xl tracking-tight">{t("Set up your models")}</h2>
+					<Hint label={t("Close")} binding="escape" side="left">
 <button
 						type="button"
-						aria-label="Close setup"
+						aria-label={t("Close setup")}
 						data-testid="setup-close"
 						onClick={onClose}
 						className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
@@ -431,15 +434,14 @@ export function SetupDialog({
 					<div className="flex flex-col px-6 py-5">
 						{failed ? (
 							<p className="text-sm text-foreground">
-								Model catalog could not be loaded. Check the connection and retry.
-							</p>
+								{t("Model catalog could not be loaded. Check the connection and retry.")}</p>
 						) : (
 							<SetupKeysBody
 								providers={keyProviders}
 								provider={keyProvider}
 								value={keyValue}
 								saving={keySaving}
-								error={keyError}
+								error={t(keyError)}
 								menuOpen={keyMenuOpen}
 								menuAnchor={keyTriggerRef}
 								onToggleMenu={() => setKeyMenuOpen((v) => !v)}
@@ -456,8 +458,7 @@ export function SetupDialog({
 				) : (
 					<div className="flex flex-col gap-4 overflow-y-auto px-6 py-5" data-testid="setup-stage-pickers">
 						<p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-							Pick the model for each tier. All three are required before chats can start.
-						</p>
+							{t("Pick the model for each tier. All three are required before chats can start.")}</p>
 						{SLOT_ORDER.map((slot) => {
 							const entry = picked[slot];
 							const level = levels[slot];
@@ -467,29 +468,28 @@ export function SetupDialog({
 							return (
 								<div key={slot} data-testid={`setup-slot-${slot}`} className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
 									<span className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
-										<span className="font-ui text-sm text-foreground">{SLOT_META[slot].label}</span>
+										<span className="font-ui text-sm text-foreground">{t(SLOT_META[slot].label)}</span>
 										{!body?.slots?.[slot]?.model && !picked[slot] && (
 											<span
 												data-testid={`setup-needed-${slot}`}
 												className="rounded-sm border border-border px-1 py-0.5 text-[10px] font-normal tracking-wide text-muted-foreground"
 											>
-												needed
-											</span>
+												{t("needed")}</span>
 										)}
 									</span>
-									<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">{SLOT_META[slot].roster}</span>
+									<span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70">{t(SLOT_META[slot].roster)}</span>
 									{slot !== "strong" && <><ChatGPTBackgroundAccess provider={entry?.provider} /><NativeSubscriptionBackgroundAccess provider={entry?.provider} /></>}
 									<div className="flex items-center gap-2">
 										<div className="relative flex-1">
 											<button
 												type="button"
-												aria-label={`${SLOT_META[slot].label} model`}
+												aria-label={t("{v0} model", { v0: SLOT_META[slot].label })}
 												data-testid={`setup-trigger-${slot}`}
 												aria-expanded={openMenu?.slot === slot && openMenu.kind === "model"}
 												onClick={() => setOpenMenu(openMenu?.slot === slot && openMenu.kind === "model" ? null : { slot, kind: "model" })}
 												className="flex h-7 min-w-40 w-full items-center gap-1 rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-1.5 font-ui text-xs text-foreground transition-colors hover:border-muted-foreground/50"
 											>
-												<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{entry ? prettyModel(entry.id) : "Pick a model…"}</span>
+												<span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{entry ? prettyModel(entry.id) : t("Pick a model…")}</span>
 												<span aria-hidden className="text-muted-foreground">
 													▾
 												</span>
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ export function SetupDialog({
 															}));
 															setOpenMenu(null);
 														}}
-														footer={catalog && catalog.length === 0 ? "No image-capable models. Add a provider key with access to a vision model." : undefined}
+														footer={catalog && catalog.length === 0 ? t("No image-capable models. Add a provider key with access to a vision model.") : undefined}
 													/>
 												</MenuShell>
 											)}
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ export function SetupDialog({
 										<div className="relative">
 											<button
 												type="button"
-												aria-label={`${SLOT_META[slot].label} thinking`}
+												aria-label={t("{v0} thinking", { v0: SLOT_META[slot].label })}
 												data-testid={`setup-thinking-${slot}`}
 												aria-expanded={openMenu?.slot === slot && openMenu.kind === "thinking"}
 												disabled={!entry}
@@ -582,9 +582,9 @@ export function SetupDialog({
 								onClick={() => void save()}
 								className="rounded-sm border border-border bg-background px-3 py-1.5 font-ui text-xs text-foreground transition-colors hover:border-muted-foreground/50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-40"
 							>
-								{saving ? "Saving…" : "Save models"}
+								{saving ? t("Saving…") : t("Save models")}
 							</button>
-							{error && <p className="text-xs text-red-400">{error}</p>}
+							{error && <p className="text-xs text-red-400">{t(error)}</p>}
 						</div>
 					</div>
 				)}

components/sidebar.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 "use client";
+import { translator, type Language } from "@/src/core";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { createContext, useCallback, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import Link from "next/link";
@@ -66,6 +69,7 @@ declare global {
 			/** The zoom truth (owner round 7): subscribes to "lh:zoom" pushes; returns unsubscribe. */
 			onZoom?: (cb: (factor: number) => void) => () => void;
 			getZoom?: () => Promise<number>;
+			setLanguage?: (language: "en" | "ru") => void;
 			/** Auto-update channel (Wave C, 2026-10-10): "lh:update-status" pushes once a staged update exists. */
 			onUpdateStatus?: (cb: (status: { status: string; version: string | null }) => void) => () => void;
 			installUpdate?: () => void;
@@ -188,6 +192,7 @@ export function SidebarProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  *  The icon fades with the slot and is clipped by it as it collapses —
  *  no popping in either direction. */
 export function SidebarToggle() {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const { open, toggle } = useSidebar();
 	return (
 		<span
@@ -196,11 +201,11 @@ export function SidebarToggle() {
 				open ? "w-0 -mr-3" : "w-9 mr-0 lh-closed-toggle",
 			)}
 		>
-			<Hint label="Open sidebar" action="toggle-sidebar">
+			<Hint label={t("Open sidebar")} action="toggle-sidebar">
 			<Button
 				variant="ghost"
 				size="icon"
-				aria-label="Open sidebar"
+				aria-label={t("Open sidebar")}
 				aria-hidden={open}
 				tabIndex={open ? -1 : 0}
 				onClick={toggle}
@@ -239,16 +244,18 @@ function SessionStatus({ busy }: { busy: boolean }) {
  *  in any locale and it sorts (owner, typography round 5; the old
  *  M/D/YYYY was the US convention. A user-locale setting can come later
  *  — trivial, a format function swap). Pure — exported for tests. */
-export function timeAgo(iso: string, now = new Date()): string {
+export function timeAgo(iso: string, now = new Date(), language: Language = "en"): string {
+	const t = translator(language);
 	const ms = now.getTime() - new Date(iso).getTime();
-	if (ms < 60_000) return "just now";
+	if (ms < 60_000) return t("just now");
 	const min = Math.floor(ms / 60_000);
-	if (min < 60) return `${min}m ago`;
+	if (min < 60) return t("{v0}m ago", { v0: min });
 	const h = Math.floor(min / 60);
-	if (h < 24) return `${h}h ago`;
+	if (h < 24) return t("{v0}h ago", { v0: h });
 	const d = Math.floor(h / 24);
-	if (d < 7) return `${d}d ago`;
+	if (d < 7) return t("{v0}d ago", { v0: d });
 	const date = new Date(iso);
+	if (language === "ru") return new Intl.DateTimeFormat("ru-RU").format(date);
 	const mm = String(date.getMonth() + 1).padStart(2, "0");
 	const dd = String(date.getDate()).padStart(2, "0");
 	return `${date.getFullYear()}-${mm}-${dd}`;
@@ -259,14 +266,15 @@ export function timeAgo(iso: string, now = new Date()): string {
  *  typography round 5): it informed no decision — clutter. messageCount
  *  still rides the API payload, so this is a one-line flip back if it's
  *  ever wanted. */
-function sessionMeta(chat: ChatListItem): string {
-	if (chat.compacting) return `Compacting context · ${timeAgo(chat.updatedAt)}`;
-	if (chat.pendingQuestion) return `Waiting for input · ${timeAgo(chat.updatedAt)}`;
+function sessionMeta(chat: ChatListItem, language: Language = "en"): string {
+	const t = translator(language);
+	if (chat.compacting) return t("Compacting context · {v0}", { v0: timeAgo(chat.updatedAt, undefined, language) });
+	if (chat.pendingQuestion) return t("Waiting for input · {v0}", { v0: timeAgo(chat.updatedAt, undefined, language) });
 	if ((chat.kind ?? "teach") === "practice" && chat.pendingProblem) {
-		return `Problem waiting · ${timeAgo(chat.updatedAt)}`;
+		return t("Problem waiting · {v0}", { v0: timeAgo(chat.updatedAt, undefined, language) });
 	}
-	if (chat.busy) return "Working…";
-	return timeAgo(chat.updatedAt);
+	if (chat.busy) return t("Working…");
+	return timeAgo(chat.updatedAt, undefined, language);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -290,6 +298,7 @@ export function SessionRow({
 	/** Right-click opens the context menu (wave 6: Rename / Delete). */
 	onContextMenu?: (e: React.MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void;
 }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<button
 			type="button"
@@ -310,13 +319,13 @@ export function SessionRow({
 				    rule, finally applied to the picker too (owner, typography
 				    round): mono = chrome, Source Sans = human words. */}
 				<span className="block truncate font-prose text-(length:--lh-prose-size)">{chat.title}</span>
-				<span className="block text-xs text-muted-foreground">{sessionMeta(chat)}</span>
+				<span className="block text-xs text-muted-foreground">{sessionMeta(chat, language)}</span>
 			</span>
 			{/* The dumbbell rides the FAR RIGHT (owner round 6, 2026-10-05) —
 			    was left of the name; right-aligned keeps the titles flush with
 			    the teaching rows and reads cleaner. */}
 			{(chat.kind ?? "teach") === "practice" && (
-				<DumbbellIcon className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/70" aria-label="Practice session" />
+				<DumbbellIcon className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/70" aria-label={t("Practice session")} />
 			)}
 		</button>
 	);
@@ -327,6 +336,7 @@ export function SessionRow({
  *  "replace", the header rename's rule), Enter/blur commits, Esc discards.
  *  The meta line stays so the row never changes height mid-edit. */
 export function RenameRow({ chat, onCommit, onCancel }: { chat: ChatListItem; onCommit: (next: string) => void; onCancel: () => void }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const [draft, setDraft] = useState(chat.title);
 	const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
 	useEffect(() => {
@@ -362,11 +372,11 @@ export function RenameRow({ chat, onCommit, onCancel }: { chat: ChatListItem; on
 							onCancel();
 						}
 					}}
-					aria-label="Rename session"
+					aria-label={t("Rename session")}
 					data-testid="session-rename-input"
 					className="lh-input w-full min-w-0 truncate border-0 border-b border-border bg-transparent px-0 text-foreground outline-none"
 				/>
-				<span className="block truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground">{sessionMeta(chat)}</span>
+				<span className="block truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground">{sessionMeta(chat, language)}</span>
 			</span>
 		</div>
 	);
@@ -379,6 +389,7 @@ export type SessionKindFilter = "teach" | "all" | "practice";
 const KIND_FILTER_KEY = "lh:session-kind-filter";
 
 function SessionsSidebar() {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const { open, toggle } = useSidebar();
 	const [chats, setChats] = useState<ChatListItem[] | null>(null);
 	const [query, setQuery] = useState("");
@@ -656,23 +667,23 @@ function SessionsSidebar() {
 						// of the logo, carrying its real shortcut: ⌘G jumps to
 						// the graph view (keyboard-shortcuts routes it to "/",
 						// the same destination as this logo).
-						label="Home"
+						label={t("Home")}
 						action="jump-graph"
 						side="right"
 					>
 						<Link
 							href="/"
-							aria-label="Home"
+							aria-label={t("Home")}
 							className="lh-no-drag flex size-9 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-md transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-accent-foreground dark:hover:bg-accent/50"
 						>
 							<LhMark className="size-6" />
 						</Link>
 					</Hint>
-					<Hint label="Close sidebar" action="toggle-sidebar">
+					<Hint label={t("Close sidebar")} action="toggle-sidebar">
 						<Button
 							variant="ghost"
 							size="icon"
-							aria-label="Close sidebar"
+							aria-label={t("Close sidebar")}
 							onClick={toggle}
 							className="lh-no-drag"
 						>
@@ -693,8 +704,7 @@ function SessionsSidebar() {
 						className="flex w-full items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md px-2 py-1.5 text-xs uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 					>
 						<PlusIcon className="size-3" />
-						Teaching
-						<span className="sr-only">create a new teaching session</span>
+						{t("Teaching")}<span className="sr-only">{t("create a new teaching session")}</span>
 					</button>
 					<button
 						type="button"
@@ -703,14 +713,13 @@ function SessionsSidebar() {
 						className="flex w-full items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md px-2 py-1.5 text-xs uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 					>
 						<DumbbellIcon className="size-3" />
-						Practice
-						<span className="sr-only">create a new practice session</span>
+						{t("Practice")}<span className="sr-only">{t("create a new practice session")}</span>
 					</button>
 				</div>
 
 				<div className="mx-3 mb-2 flex items-center gap-2">
-					<span className="text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/70">Sessions</span>
-					<Hint label="Search sessions" action="sessions-search" side="bottom">
+					<span className="text-xs uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground/70">{t("Sessions")}</span>
+					<Hint label={t("Search sessions")} action="sessions-search" side="bottom">
 					<span className="relative flex-1">
 						<Input
 							ref={searchRef}
@@ -760,8 +769,8 @@ function SessionsSidebar() {
 									e.currentTarget.blur();
 								}
 							}}
-							placeholder="Search…"
-							aria-label="Search sessions"
+							placeholder={t("Search…")}
+							aria-label={t("Search sessions")}
 							className="h-6 rounded-sm border-border bg-background pl-6 text-xs placeholder:text-muted-foreground/60"
 						/>
 						<SearchIcon className="pointer-events-none absolute left-1.5 top-1/2 size-3 -translate-y-1/2 text-muted-foreground/70" />
@@ -790,17 +799,17 @@ function SessionsSidebar() {
 									: "text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground",
 							)}
 						>
-							{f === "teach" ? "Teaching" : f === "all" ? "All" : "Practice"}
+							{f === "teach" ? t("Teaching") : f === "all" ? t("All") : t("Practice")}
 						</button>
 					))}
 				</div>
 
 				<div ref={listRef} className="flex-1 overflow-y-auto p-2">
 					{shown === null ? (
-						<div className="px-2 py-4 text-xs text-muted-foreground">Loading…</div>
+						<div className="px-2 py-4 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading…")}</div>
 					) : shown.length === 0 ? (
 						<div className="px-2 py-4 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-							{query.trim() ? "No sessions match." : "No sessions yet."}
+							{query.trim() ? t("No sessions match.") : t("No sessions yet.")}
 						</div>
 					) : (
 						shown.map((c, i) =>
@@ -839,7 +848,7 @@ function SessionsSidebar() {
 					    New session — quiet, bottom-pinned, opens the centered
 					    dialog (also mod+, in the keyboard registry). */}
 					<div className="px-3 pb-3 pt-1">
-						<Hint label="Settings" action="open-settings" side="right">
+						<Hint label={t("Settings")} action="open-settings" side="right">
 							<button
 								type="button"
 								onClick={() => openSettings()}
@@ -847,8 +856,7 @@ function SessionsSidebar() {
 								className="flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md px-2 py-1.5 text-xs uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 							>
 								<SettingsIcon className="size-3" />
-								Settings
-							</button>
+								{t("Settings")}</button>
 						</Hint>
 					</div>
 				</div>
@@ -879,8 +887,7 @@ function SessionsSidebar() {
 							}}
 							className="flex items-center rounded-lg px-2.5 py-1.5 text-left text-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent"
 						>
-							Rename
-						</button>
+							{t("Rename")}</button>
 						{/* Export as Markdown (owner, release polish 2026-10-06): the
 					    session-markdown engine's user-facing debut — same-origin
 						    anchor download; the route's Content-Disposition names the
@@ -901,8 +908,7 @@ function SessionsSidebar() {
 							}}
 							className="flex items-center rounded-lg px-2.5 py-1.5 text-left text-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent"
 						>
-							Export as Markdown…
-						</button>
+							{t("Export as Markdown…")}</button>
 						<button
 							type="button"
 							data-testid="ctx-delete"
@@ -913,8 +919,7 @@ function SessionsSidebar() {
 							}}
 							className="flex items-center rounded-lg px-2.5 py-1.5 text-left text-muted-foreground/80 transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
 						>
-							Delete…
-						</button>
+							{t("Delete…")}</button>
 						<div className="my-0.5 border-t border-border/60" aria-hidden="true" />
 						<CoverageMenuBlock chatId={ctxChatId} />
 					</MenuShell>

components/stats-bar.tsx

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from "react";
-import { subscriptionLabels, subscriptionLabel, type SessionPricing, type TurnUsage } from "@/src/core";
+import { subscriptionLabels, subscriptionLabel, type Language, type SessionPricing, type TurnUsage } from "@/src/core";
 import { formatTokens, formatUsd, planCostLabel, prettyModel } from "@/components/usage-format";
 import { ModelControl, catalogLimits, useModelCatalog } from "@/components/model-picker";
 
-export function formatContextMeasurement(tokens: number | null, limit: number | null): string {
-	const numerator = tokens === null ? "?" : formatTokens(tokens);
-	return limit === null ? numerator : `${numerator} / ${formatTokens(limit)}`;
+export function formatContextMeasurement(tokens: number | null, limit: number | null, language: Language = "en"): string {
+	const numerator = tokens === null ? "?" : formatTokens(tokens, language);
+	return limit === null ? numerator : `${numerator} / ${formatTokens(limit, language)}`;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ export function StatsBar({
 	 *  data (which renders nothing pre-chat on that surface). */
 	leadingSlot?: ReactNode;
 }) {
+	const { t, language } = useI18n();
 	const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
 	const [selectedModel, setSelectedModel] = useState<string | undefined>();
 	// Same dropdown discipline as the model control (owner, df4433f treatment,
@@ -84,13 +87,13 @@ export function StatsBar({
 	const { catalog } = useModelCatalog();
 	const limits = useMemo(() => (catalog ? catalogLimits(catalog) : undefined), [catalog]);
 	const limit = selectedModel ? limits?.get(selectedModel) ?? null : null;
-	const contextLabel = formatContextMeasurement(contextTokens, limit);
+	const contextLabel = formatContextMeasurement(contextTokens, limit, language);
 	const { cost = 0, unpriced = turns.length, subscription = 0 } = pricing ?? {};
 	// Honest cost: show dollars only when at least one turn priced;
 	// otherwise "—" (never a fake $0.0000).
 	const pricedCount = turns.length - unpriced - subscription;
 	const providers = pricing?.subscriptionProviders ?? subscriptionLabels(turns.map((turn) => turn.model));
-	const costLabel = planCostLabel(pricedCount > 0 ? cost : null, providers);
+	const costLabel = planCostLabel(pricedCount > 0 ? cost : null, providers, (value) => formatUsd(value, language));
 
 	return (
 		<div
@@ -135,23 +138,22 @@ export function StatsBar({
 						className="absolute bottom-full left-1/2 z-40 mb-1.5 w-72 -translate-x-1/2 rounded-xl border bg-card p-3 text-xs shadow-xl"
 					>
 						<div className="mb-2 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-							Session stats
-						</div>
+							{t("Session stats")}</div>
 						<div className="flex flex-col gap-1 text-muted-foreground">
 							<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-								<span>Context (last call)</span>
+								<span>{t("Context (last call)")}</span>
 								<span className="tabular-nums text-card-foreground">
 									{contextLabel}
 								</span>
 							</div>
 							<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-								<span>{subscription ? "Usage" : "Total cost"}</span>
+								<span>{subscription ? t("Usage") : t("Total cost")}</span>
 								<span className="tabular-nums text-card-foreground">{costLabel}</span>
 							</div>
-							{providers.includes("ChatGPT") && <a href="https://chatgpt.com/settings/usage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" className="underline underline-offset-2">Manage ChatGPT usage</a>}
+							{providers.includes("ChatGPT") && <a href="https://chatgpt.com/settings/usage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" className="underline underline-offset-2">{t("Manage ChatGPT usage")}</a>}
 							{unpriced > 0 && (
 								<div className="flex justify-between gap-2">
-									<span>Unpriced turns</span>
+									<span>{t("Unpriced turns")}</span>
 									<span className="tabular-nums text-card-foreground">{unpriced}</span>
 								</div>
 							)}
@@ -159,8 +161,7 @@ export function StatsBar({
 						{turns.length > 0 && (
 							<>
 								<div className="mb-1 mt-2.5 border-t pt-2 text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-									Turns
-								</div>
+									{t("Turns")}</div>
 								<ul className="flex max-h-56 flex-col gap-1 overflow-y-auto">
 									{turns.map((turn, i) => {
 										const c = pricing?.turnCosts[turn.id] ?? null;
@@ -170,8 +171,8 @@ export function StatsBar({
 													#{i + 1} · {prettyModel(turn.model, true)}
 												</span>
 												<span className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2 tabular-nums text-card-foreground">
-													<span className="text-muted-foreground">{turn.steps.length} steps</span>
-													<span>{subscriptionLabel(turn.model) ?? (c === null ? "—" : formatUsd(c))}</span>
+													<span className="text-muted-foreground">{turn.steps.length}{" "}{t("steps")}</span>
+													<span>{subscriptionLabel(turn.model) ?? (c === null ? "—" : formatUsd(c, language))}</span>
 												</span>
 											</li>
 										);

components/thinking-block.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { ChevronDownIcon } from "lucide-react";
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ export function ThinkingBlock({
 	/** On the card's own background: no band (the accent read too light). */
 	inCard?: boolean;
 }) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [open, setOpen] = useState(() => resolveUserThinkingOpen(defaultOpen));
 	// ⌘T: an explicit global set overrides every row (once set, rows re-sync).
 	const syncedRef = useRef(false);
@@ -123,7 +126,7 @@ export function ThinkingBlock({
 				aria-expanded={open}
 				className="flex w-full items-center gap-2 font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
 			>
-				{label}
+				{t(label)}
 				<ChevronDownIcon className={cn("size-4 shrink-0 transition-transform", open ? "rotate-180" : "rotate-0")} />
 			</button>
 			{open && (

components/ui/hint.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 "use client"
 
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 import * as React from "react"
 import { Tooltip, TooltipProvider, TooltipTrigger, TooltipContent } from "@/components/ui/tooltip"
 import { bindingForAction, formatBinding, type KeyAction } from "@/src/core"
@@ -44,11 +46,12 @@ export function hintText(label: string, action?: KeyAction, binding?: string): s
 }
 
 export function Hint({ label, action, binding, side = "top", children }: HintProps) {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	return (
 		<TooltipProvider>
 			<Tooltip>
 				<TooltipTrigger asChild>{children}</TooltipTrigger>
-				<TooltipContent side={side}>{hintText(label, action, binding)}</TooltipContent>
+				<TooltipContent side={side}>{hintText(t(label), action, binding)}</TooltipContent>
 			</Tooltip>
 		</TooltipProvider>
 	)

components/update-banner.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
+import { useI18n } from "@/components/i18n";
+
 
 /**
  * The auto-update banner (Wave C, owner 2026-10-10: silent download +
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 type UpdateStatus = { status: string; version: string | null };
 
 export default function UpdateBanner() {
+	const { t } = useI18n();
 	const [ready, setReady] = useState<UpdateStatus | null>(null);
 
 	useEffect(() => {
@@ -35,16 +38,15 @@ export default function UpdateBanner() {
 			className="fixed right-4 bottom-4 z-50 flex items-center gap-3 rounded-lg border border-border bg-popover px-4 py-3 shadow-lg"
 		>
 			<div className="text-sm">
-				<span className="font-medium">LearnHarness {ready.version ?? "update"} is ready</span>
-				<span className="text-muted-foreground"> — restart to finish installing.</span>
+				<span className="font-medium">LearnHarness {ready.version ?? "update"}{" "}{t("is ready")}</span>
+				<span className="text-muted-foreground"> {" "}{t("— restart to finish installing.")}</span>
 			</div>
 			<button
 				type="button"
 				onClick={() => window.lh?.installUpdate?.()}
 				className="rounded-md bg-accent px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium transition-colors hover:bg-accent/80"
 			>
-				Restart
-			</button>
+				{t("Restart")}</button>
 		</div>
 	);
 }

components/usage-format.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+import { localeTag, type Language } from "@/src/core";
 /**
  * Money/token presentation helpers (wave-4 observability UI) — shared by the
  * activity dock and the stats bar. Pure; exported for tests.
  */
 
 /** USD for cent-scale money: >= $1 keeps two decimals, smaller keeps four. */
-export function formatUsd(c: number): string {
+export function formatUsd(c: number, language: Language = "en"): string {
+	if (language === "ru") return `${new Intl.NumberFormat(localeTag(language), { minimumFractionDigits: c >= 1 ? 2 : 4, maximumFractionDigits: c >= 1 ? 2 : 4 }).format(c)} $`;
 	return c >= 1 ? `$${c.toFixed(2)}` : `$${c.toFixed(4)}`;
 }
 
@@ -14,7 +16,8 @@ export function planCostLabel(dollars: number | null, subscription: boolean | st
 }
 
 /** 38000 → "38k", 1234567 → "1.2M" — trimmed, never "38.0k". */
-export function formatTokens(n: number): string {
+export function formatTokens(n: number, language: Language = "en"): string {
+	if (language === "ru") return new Intl.NumberFormat("ru-RU", { notation: "compact", maximumFractionDigits: 1 }).format(n);
 	if (n >= 1e6) return `${+(n / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M`;
 	if (n >= 1e3) return `${+(n / 1e3).toFixed(1)}k`;
 	return String(n);

docs/localization.md

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# Language support
+
+LearnHarness supports English and Russian. Settings → General contains independent
+interface and speech recognition language selectors. The microphone also has a
+speech language selector. Each offers System default, English, and Русский.
+
+System default uses the preferred browser language (the operating system's
+preferred language in the desktop app); Russian locales select Russian and other
+locales select English. Explicit choices persist in `settings.json` as
+`general.language` and `general.sttLanguage`. Removing a field restores automatic
+selection. Changing one preference preserves the other general settings.
+
+The interface changes immediately, including accessibility labels and the desktop
+menu. New AI teaching, questions, plans, practice, graph descriptions, research,
+figures, and demos use the interface language. Existing conversations and imported
+source material retain their authored text. A session retains the language of its
+latest foreground turn so automatic follow-ups can use the same language after a
+restart; an explicit app language preference takes precedence.
+
+Speech recognition uses Deepgram Nova-3 with an explicit `language=en` or
+`language=ru`. A recording captures the selected language when it starts and keeps
+that language through reconnections. The selector is disabled while recording;
+changes elsewhere take effect on the next recording. Audio capture, deferred
+transcript insertion, stopping, and cancellation retain their existing behavior.
+
+## Maintaining translations
+
+The pure localization functions live in `src/core/i18n.ts` and are exported through
+the core barrel. English and Russian catalogs are in `src/core/locales/en.json` and
+`ru.json`. English source phrases are message keys. Add every new app-owned message
+to both catalogs, use named interpolation parameters, and use plural entries with
+`Intl.PluralRules` for counts. Russian entries may use `one`, `few`, `many`, and
+`other` forms. Keep code, provider/model names, identifiers, and user-authored text
+out of translation lookups.
+
+React components use `useI18n()` from `components/i18n.tsx`. The root provider gets
+server-resolved initial settings and locale to preserve hydration. General-setting
+writes share a serialized read-modify-write path; other surfaces use the existing
+settings-saved signal. Server and agent code receive an explicit language rather
+than depending on a mutable global translation state.
+
+Some existing protocol errors arrive preformatted in English. Localization can
+recognize cataloged application templates at the display boundary, preserving the
+canonical error values used for classification and any third-party diagnostics.
+Raw technical instructions, code, and user overrides remain editable source data.
+
+The desktop shell has its own small catalog in `electron/language.cjs`, packaged
+with the shell. Its narrow `lh:language` channel accepts only `en` and `ru` from a
+trusted application window. Russian prose uses Noto Sans because Source Sans 3
+has no Cyrillic subset. Explicit font choices continue to take precedence.
+
+`tests/i18n.test.tsx` covers preference validation, automatic selection, independent
+STT requests, catalog parity and interpolation, Russian plural forms, SSR locale
+isolation, translated dialogs and exports, agent instructions, and native labels.

electron/language.cjs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/** Native-shell catalog. Kept with the shell so packaged builds do not load server sources. */
+const ru = {
+	"Check for Updates…": "Проверить обновления…", "Edit": "Правка", "View": "Вид", "Window": "Окно",
+	"Actual Size": "Исходный масштаб", "Zoom In": "Увеличить масштаб", "Zoom Out": "Уменьшить масштаб",
+	"About LearnHarness": "О LearnHarness", "Hide LearnHarness": "Скрыть LearnHarness", "Hide Others": "Скрыть остальные", "Quit LearnHarness": "Выйти из LearnHarness",
+	"Undo": "Отменить", "Redo": "Повторить", "Cut": "Вырезать", "Copy": "Копировать", "Paste": "Вставить", "Select All": "Выбрать всё",
+	"Reload": "Перезагрузить", "Developer Tools": "Инструменты разработчика", "Toggle Full Screen": "Полноэкранный режим", "Minimize": "Свернуть", "Close": "Закрыть",
+	"You're up to date.": "Установлена последняя версия.", "Couldn't check for updates.": "Не удалось проверить обновления.",
+	"LearnHarness {version} is the latest version.": "LearnHarness {version} — последняя версия.", "OK": "ОК",
+};
+function resolveLanguage(preference, languages = []) { return preference === "ru" || preference !== "en" && /^ru(?:-|_|$)/i.test(languages[0] || "") ? "ru" : "en"; }
+function translate(language, text, params = {}) { return (language === "ru" ? ru[text] || text : text).replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g, (match, key) => Object.hasOwn(params, key) ? String(params[key]) : match); }
+module.exports = { resolveLanguage, translate };

electron/main.cjs

@@ -214,6 +214,7 @@ function startServer(port) {
 					PORT: String(port),
 					HOSTNAME: "127.0.0.1", // the server defaults to 0.0.0.0 — never
 					LH_DATA_DIR: DATA_DIR(),
+					LH_SYSTEM_LANGUAGE: app.getPreferredSystemLanguages()[0] || "en",
 					// The auth/keys store — the child reads AND writes this file itself
 					// (no env injection anymore: a spawn-time copy would shadow every
 					// settings-page key change until restart; env wins over file).
@@ -456,11 +457,11 @@ function checkForUpdates({ manual = false } = {}) {
 			// update-downloaded. Manual checks additionally answer directly.
 			if (!manual) return;
 			const version = result?.updateInfo?.version;
-			if (!version) dialog.showMessageBox({ type: "info", message: "You're up to date.", detail: `LearnHarness ${app.getVersion()} is the latest version.` });
+			if (!version) dialog.showMessageBox({ type: "info", message: nt("You're up to date."), detail: nt("LearnHarness {version} is the latest version.", { version: app.getVersion() }), buttons: [nt("OK")] });
 		})
 		.catch((err) => {
 			log(`update check failed: ${err?.message ?? err}`);
-			if (manual) dialog.showMessageBox({ type: "warning", message: "Couldn't check for updates.", detail: String(err?.message ?? err) });
+			if (manual) dialog.showMessageBox({ type: "warning", message: nt("Couldn't check for updates."), buttons: [nt("OK")], detail: String(err?.message ?? err) });
 		});
 }
 
@@ -524,53 +525,63 @@ function applyZoom(win, factor) {
 
 /** macOS needs an application menu with the Edit roles — without one,
  *  Cmd+C/V/A do nothing in the renderer. Everything else stays minimal. */
+const { resolveLanguage: resolveShellLanguage, translate: translateShell } = require("./language.cjs");
+let shellLanguage;
+function nativeLanguage() {
+	if (shellLanguage) return shellLanguage;
+	let preference;
+	try { preference = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(path.join(DATA_DIR(), "settings.json"), "utf8")).general?.language; } catch {}
+	return resolveShellLanguage(preference, app.getPreferredSystemLanguages());
+}
+function nt(text, params) { return translateShell(nativeLanguage(), text, params); }
+
 function installMenu() {
 	const template = [
 		{
 			label: app.name,
 			submenu: [
-				{ role: "about" },
+				{ role: "about", label: nt("About LearnHarness") },
 				// Manual check (Wave C): answers via native dialog — no renderer
 				// round-trip. The 24h automatic checks stay silent.
-				{ label: "Check for Updates…", click: () => checkForUpdates({ manual: true }) },
+				{ label: nt("Check for Updates…"), click: () => checkForUpdates({ manual: true }) },
 				{ type: "separator" },
-				{ role: "hide" },
-				{ role: "hideOthers" },
+				{ role: "hide", label: nt("Hide LearnHarness") },
+				{ role: "hideOthers", label: nt("Hide Others") },
 				{ type: "separator" },
-				{ role: "quit" },
+				{ role: "quit", label: nt("Quit LearnHarness") },
 			],
 		},
-		{ label: "Edit", submenu: [{ role: "undo" }, { role: "redo" }, { type: "separator" }, { role: "cut" }, { role: "copy" }, { role: "paste" }, { role: "selectAll" }] },
+		{ label: nt("Edit"), submenu: [{ role: "undo", label: nt("Undo") }, { role: "redo", label: nt("Redo") }, { type: "separator" }, { role: "cut", label: nt("Cut") }, { role: "copy", label: nt("Copy") }, { role: "paste", label: nt("Paste") }, { role: "selectAll", label: nt("Select All") }] },
 		{
-			label: "View",
+			label: nt("View"),
 			submenu: [
-				{ role: "reload" },
-				{ role: "toggleDevTools" },
+				{ role: "reload", label: nt("Reload") },
+				{ role: "toggleDevTools", label: nt("Developer Tools") },
 				{ type: "separator" },
 				// OWNED zoom (see applyZoom): the roles change zoomLevel
 				// silently; these broadcast the factor and re-seat the
 				// traffic lights. The renderer's --lh-zoom depends on
 				// hearing every change.
 				{
-					label: "Actual Size",
+					label: nt("Actual Size"),
 					accelerator: "CommandOrControl+0",
 					click: () => applyZoom(BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()[0], 1),
 				},
 				{
-					label: "Zoom In",
+					label: nt("Zoom In"),
 					accelerator: "CommandOrControl+Plus",
 					click: () => zoomStep(BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()[0], +1),
 				},
 				{
-					label: "Zoom Out",
+					label: nt("Zoom Out"),
 					accelerator: "CommandOrControl+-",
 					click: () => zoomStep(BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()[0], -1),
 				},
 				{ type: "separator" },
-				{ role: "togglefullscreen" },
+				{ role: "togglefullscreen", label: nt("Toggle Full Screen") },
 			],
 		},
-		{ role: "windowMenu" },
+		{ label: nt("Window"), submenu: [{ role: "minimize", label: nt("Minimize") }, { role: "close", label: nt("Close") }] },
 	];
 	Menu.setApplicationMenu(Menu.buildFromTemplate(template));
 }
@@ -647,6 +658,13 @@ async function main() {
 	});
 
 	installMenu();
+	ipcMain.on("lh:language", (event, language) => {
+		if (!trustedAppWindows.has(BrowserWindow.fromWebContents(event.sender)) || !trustedSender(event, new URL(url).origin, BrowserWindow)) return;
+		if (language !== "en" && language !== "ru") return;
+		if (shellLanguage === language) return;
+		shellLanguage = language;
+		installMenu();
+	});
 
 	// Auto-update (Wave C): wire the updater before the window so the
 	// banner channel is live from first paint; the first check and the 24h

electron/preload.cjs

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ const { contextBridge, ipcRenderer } = require("electron");
 
 contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld("lh", {
 	platform: process.platform,
+	setLanguage: (language) => ipcRenderer.send("lh:language", language),
 	chatgpt: {
 		status: () => ipcRenderer.invoke("lh:chatgpt:control", { op: "status" }),
 		login: (id) => ipcRenderer.invoke("lh:chatgpt:control", { op: "login", id }),

src/agent/subagents/demo-builder.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { learningLanguageInstruction, type Language } from "../../core/i18n.ts";
 import { Type } from "typebox";
 import type { AgentTool } from "@earendil-works/pi-agent-core";
 import type { Usage } from "@earendil-works/pi-ai";
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ export interface DemoBuilderInput {
 }
 
 export interface DemoBuilderOptions {
+	language?: Language;
 	/** Test seam: scripted engine; production uses the demoBuilder role. */
 	engine?: PiEngine;
 	headless?: HeadlessApi;
@@ -207,7 +209,7 @@ export async function runDemoBuilder(input: DemoBuilderInput, opts: DemoBuilderO
 		const result = await runSubagent(Object.values(createDemoBuilderTools(state, headless, opts.onActivity)), {
 			role: "demoBuilder",
 			engine: opts.engine,
-			systemPrompt: INSTRUCTIONS,
+			systemPrompt: `${INSTRUCTIONS}\n\n${learningLanguageInstruction(opts.language ?? "en")}`,
 			prompt,
 			maxTurns: opts.maxSteps ?? 24,
 			abortSignal: opts.abortSignal,

src/agent/subagents/extraction.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { learningLanguageInstruction, type Language } from "../../core/i18n.ts";
 import * as crypto from "node:crypto";
 import type { Usage } from "@earendil-works/pi-ai";
 import type { AgentTool } from "@earendil-works/pi-agent-core";
@@ -471,6 +472,7 @@ function runExtractor(
 	batchIds: ReadonlySet<string>,
 	signal: AbortSignal | undefined,
 	onStep: (usage: Usage, model: string, step: number, finishReason: string, tools: string) => void,
+	language: Language = "en",
 ): Promise<SessionFindings> {
 	// Chains in (the wire), chains out (the store) — no translation seam
 	// since chains-primary. Validation runs at the submit seam (error-back)
@@ -486,7 +488,7 @@ function runExtractor(
 		parameters: sessionFindingsSchema,
 		fill: fillFindings,
 		validate: (value) => validateSessionAnchors(value, batchIds) ?? validateFindingsChains(value, existingIds),
-		systemPrompt: EXTRACTOR_INSTRUCTIONS,
+		systemPrompt: `${EXTRACTOR_INSTRUCTIONS}\n\n${learningLanguageInstruction(language)}`,
 		prompt,
 		engine,
 		signal,
@@ -507,6 +509,7 @@ function runNotesExtractor(
 	existingIds: ReadonlySet<string>,
 	signal: AbortSignal | undefined,
 	onStep: (usage: Usage, model: string, step: number, finishReason: string, tools: string) => void,
+	language: Language = "en",
 ): Promise<NotesFindings> {
 	return runSubmitAgent<FindingsSubmit>({
 		role: "extractor",
@@ -517,7 +520,7 @@ function runNotesExtractor(
 		parameters: findingsSchema,
 		fill: fillNotesFindings,
 		validate: (value) => validateFindingsChains(value, existingIds),
-		systemPrompt: NOTES_EXTRACTOR_INSTRUCTIONS,
+		systemPrompt: `${NOTES_EXTRACTOR_INSTRUCTIONS}\n\n${learningLanguageInstruction(language)}`,
 		prompt,
 		engine,
 		signal,
@@ -725,6 +728,7 @@ export interface ExtractionModels {
 }
 
 export interface ExtractionPipelineDeps extends GraphDeps, ExtractionModels {
+	languageForSource?: (sourceId: string) => Language;
 	/** The chunk budget — the transcript-token share of the extractor's
 	 *  context; batches fill to it (the trigger fires on the same number,
 	 *  read fresh per turn by the composition root). OPTIONAL with the
@@ -735,6 +739,7 @@ export interface ExtractionPipelineDeps extends GraphDeps, ExtractionModels {
 }
 
 export interface NotesImportInput {
+	language?: Language;
 	/** The source's file path — its identity (deterministic src id) AND its
 	 *  provenance label in the detail card. */
 	filePath: string;
@@ -940,6 +945,7 @@ export function createExtractionPipeline(deps: ExtractionPipelineDeps): Extracti
 				recordStep(jobKey, "extractor", callUsage(usage), model);
 				console.info(`[extraction] extractor step ${step}: ${finishReason}, tools: ${tools}`);
 			},
+			deps.languageForSource?.(sourceId) ?? chatStore.getChat(sourceId)?.language ?? "en",
 		);
 		console.info(`[extraction ${jobKey}] extractor done in ${Math.round(performance.now() - t0)}ms`);
 		return findings;
@@ -1262,7 +1268,7 @@ export function createExtractionPipeline(deps: ExtractionPipelineDeps): Extracti
 
 	async function notesExtract(
 		jobKey: string,
-		input: { id: string; filePath: string; text: string; part?: { i: number; n: number } },
+		input: { id: string; filePath: string; text: string; language?: Language; part?: { i: number; n: number } },
 	): Promise<NotesFindings> {
 		// jobKey (per-chunk jobs, owner 2026-09-28): the registry key —
 		// "src#i" for chunk jobs — so the abort signal reaches the call.
@@ -1290,6 +1296,7 @@ export function createExtractionPipeline(deps: ExtractionPipelineDeps): Extracti
 				recordStep(jobKey, "extractor", callUsage(usage), model);
 				console.info(`[extraction] extractor step ${step}: ${finishReason}, tools: ${tools}`);
 			},
+			input.language ?? deps.languageForSource?.(input.id) ?? "en",
 		);
 		console.info(`[extraction ${jobKey}] notes extractor done in ${Math.round(performance.now() - t0)}ms`);
 		return findings;
@@ -1298,7 +1305,7 @@ export function createExtractionPipeline(deps: ExtractionPipelineDeps): Extracti
 	// The notes auditor is the SAME identity-linker as the chat one (one
 	// schema now that attribution is gone) — audit() above, verbatim.
 
-	async function runNotesExtraction(input: { id: string; filePath: string; text: string; importedAt: string }): Promise<EmissionStats> {
+	async function runNotesExtraction(input: { id: string; filePath: string; text: string; importedAt: string; language?: Language }): Promise<EmissionStats> {
 		const { id } = input;
 		// importNotes owns the source exclusion, including metadata and cleanup.
 		const t0 = performance.now();

src/agent/subagents/pdf-reader.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { learningLanguageInstruction, type Language } from "../../core/i18n.ts";
 import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import type { AssistantMessage, Message, ToolResultMessage, Usage, Tool } from "@earendil-works/pi-ai";
 import { normalizeContext } from "@earendil-works/pi-ai";
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ const RENDER_BATCH_CAP = 6;
 const EXTRACT_CAP = 24_000;
 
 export interface PdfReaderOptions {
+	language?: Language;
 	engine?: PiEngine;
 	abortSignal?: AbortSignal;
 	onUsage?: (usage: Usage) => void;
@@ -206,7 +208,7 @@ export async function runPdfReaderAgent(
 		for (let iteration = 0; iteration < maxIterations; iteration++) {
 			const result = await streamOnce(
 				engine,
-				INSTRUCTIONS,
+				`${INSTRUCTIONS}\n\n${learningLanguageInstruction(opts.language ?? "en")}`,
 				messages,
 				toolDeclarations,
 				sessionId,

src/agent/subagents/researcher.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { learningLanguageInstruction, type Language } from "../../core/i18n.ts";
 import type { AgentTool } from "@earendil-works/pi-agent-core";
 import type { Usage } from "@earendil-works/pi-ai";
 import { createWebTools } from "../tools/web.ts";
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ Numbered findings with inline source citations:
 What couldn't be answered. Suggested next steps.`;
 
 export interface ResearcherRunOptions {
+	language?: Language;
 	engine?: PiEngine;
 	/** The search seam (search port wave, 2026-09-20): resolves the LIVE
 	 *  provider per call, null = honestly unavailable (the web_search tool
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ export async function runResearcherAgent(prompt: string, opts: ResearcherRunOpti
 		role: "researcher",
 		prompt,
 		engine: opts.engine,
-		systemPrompt: INSTRUCTIONS,
+		systemPrompt: `${INSTRUCTIONS}\n\n${learningLanguageInstruction(opts.language ?? "en")}`,
 		maxTurns: 12,
 		abortSignal: opts.abortSignal,
 		onUsage: opts.onUsage,

src/agent/subagents/runner.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import type { Language } from "../../core/i18n.ts";
 import type { PiEngine } from "../models.ts";
 import type { SearchProvider } from "../../core/search.ts";
 import {
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ export const pdfModelOverride: { current?: PiEngine } = {};
 type JobToolInput = ResearchToolInput | DemoToolInput | VisualToolInput | PdfToolInput;
 
 export interface JobRunnerDeps {
+	languageForChat?: (chatId: string) => Language;
 	chatStore: ChatStore;
 	jobStore: JobStore;
 	/**
@@ -364,6 +366,7 @@ export function createJobRunner(deps: JobRunnerDeps): JobRunner {
 			jobStore.updateJob(jobId, { activity: "researching" });
 			const brief = await runResearcherAgent(prompt, {
 				engine: model,
+					language: deps.languageForChat?.(job.chatId) ?? chatStore.getChat(job.chatId)?.language ?? "en",
 				search: deps.searchProvider,
 				pdfDir,
 				abortSignal: loop.abortSignal,
@@ -417,6 +420,7 @@ export function createJobRunner(deps: JobRunnerDeps): JobRunner {
 				{ title, brief },
 				{
 					engine: model,
+					language: deps.languageForChat?.(job.chatId) ?? chatStore.getChat(job.chatId)?.language ?? "en",
 					abortSignal: loop.abortSignal,
 					chatId: loop.chatId,
 					onUsage: (usage) => loop.onUsage(piUsageToStep(usage)),
@@ -453,6 +457,7 @@ export function createJobRunner(deps: JobRunnerDeps): JobRunner {
 				{ brief },
 				{
 					engine: model,
+					language: deps.languageForChat?.(job.chatId) ?? chatStore.getChat(job.chatId)?.language ?? "en",
 					abortSignal: loop.abortSignal,
 					chatId: loop.chatId,
 					onUsage: (usage) => loop.onUsage(piUsageToStep(usage)),
@@ -492,6 +497,7 @@ export function createJobRunner(deps: JobRunnerDeps): JobRunner {
 				{ path, question },
 			{
 				engine: model,
+					language: deps.languageForChat?.(job.chatId) ?? chatStore.getChat(job.chatId)?.language ?? "en",
 				abortSignal: loop.abortSignal,
 				chatId: loop.chatId,
 				onUsage: (usage) => loop.onUsage(piUsageToStep(usage)),

src/agent/subagents/visual-maker.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { learningLanguageInstruction, type Language } from "../../core/i18n.ts";
 import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import type { AssistantMessage, Message, Tool, ToolResultMessage, Usage } from "@earendil-works/pi-ai";
 import { normalizeContext } from "@earendil-works/pi-ai";
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ export interface VisualMakerInput {
 }
 
 export interface VisualMakerOptions {
+	language?: Language;
 	/** Test seam: scripted engine; production uses the visualMaker role. */
 	engine?: PiEngine;
 	headless?: HeadlessApi;
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ export async function runVisualMaker(input: VisualMakerInput, opts: VisualMakerO
 			// loop owns tool execution and the image-in-the-loop injection).
 			const result = await streamOnce(
 				engine,
-				INSTRUCTIONS,
+				`${INSTRUCTIONS}\n\n${learningLanguageInstruction(opts.language ?? "en")}`,
 				messages,
 				toolDeclarations,
 				sessionId,

src/agent/teacher-agent.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { learningLanguageInstruction, type Language } from "../core/i18n.ts";
 import { Agent } from "@earendil-works/pi-agent-core";
 import type { AgentEvent, AgentMessage, AgentTool } from "@earendil-works/pi-agent-core";
 import { invalidInputResult, questionResult } from "./tool-execute.ts";
@@ -97,6 +98,7 @@ export type StepUsageCollector = (usage: Usage) => void;
 
 /** Per-request construction options (the handler wires all of these). */
 export interface AgentBuildOptions {
+	language?: Language;
 	/** Model + stream function — tests inject a scripted faux engine. */
 	engine?: PiEngine;
 	callPurpose?: { background: boolean };
@@ -175,9 +177,10 @@ function baseAgentOptions(kind: AgentKind, opts: AgentBuildOptions, tools: Agent
 	// ("practice" is not a ModelRole) honest about that.
 	const engine = opts.engine ?? piEngineFor(kind as "prober" | "teacher");
 	const stopper = makeQuestionStopper();
-	const systemPrompt = opts.promptSwitches
+	const basePrompt = opts.promptSwitches
 		? composeInstructions(kind, opts.promptSwitches)
 		: composedInstructions[kind]!;
+	const systemPrompt = `${basePrompt}\n\n${learningLanguageInstruction(opts.language ?? "en")}`;
 	// Debug recorder (owner, 2026-10-04): raw provider events when
 	// LH_PROVIDER_EVENTS=1 and the caller handed a chatId; undefined is
 	// the normal no-observer path (tests, env-off).

src/core/contracts/chat.ts

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ import type { EmissionStats } from "./graph.ts";
 export type ChatKind = "teach" | "practice";
 
 export interface ChatRecord {
+	/** Effective language from the latest foreground turn, retained for automatic follow-ups. */
+	language?: "en" | "ru";
 	id: string;
 	title: string;
 	createdAt: string;

src/core/i18n.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/** Pure localization shared by browser, server, exports, and agent configuration. */
+import en from "./locales/en.json";
+import ru from "./locales/ru.json";
+export type Language = "en" | "ru";
+export type TranslationParams = Record<string, string | number | null | undefined>;
+export type Translator = (message: string | null | undefined, params?: TranslationParams) => string;
+export function isLanguage(value: unknown): value is Language { return value === "en" || value === "ru"; }
+
+/** The preferred system language wins; unsupported preferences resolve to English. */
+export function systemLanguage(languages: string | readonly string[] | null | undefined): Language {
+	const first = typeof languages === "string"
+		? languages.split(",").map((part, index) => {
+			const [tag = "", ...options] = part.trim().split(";");
+			const q = options.find((option) => option.trim().startsWith("q="));
+			return { tag, q: q ? Number(q.trim().slice(2)) : 1, index };
+		}).filter((item) => Number.isFinite(item.q) && item.q > 0).sort((a, b) => b.q - a.q || a.index - b.index)[0]?.tag
+		: languages?.[0];
+	return /^ru(?:-|_|$)/i.test(first ?? "") ? "ru" : "en";
+}
+export function resolveLanguage(preference: unknown, system?: string | readonly string[] | null): Language {
+	return isLanguage(preference) ? preference : systemLanguage(system);
+}
+export function localeTag(language: Language): string { return language === "ru" ? "ru-RU" : "en-US"; }
+
+type Entry = string | Partial<Record<Intl.LDMLPluralRule, string>>;
+const catalog: Record<string, Entry> = ru;
+// Some protocol errors arrive as preformatted English. Match only cataloged
+// app-authored templates; arbitrary provider diagnostics remain untouched.
+const canonicalTemplates = Object.keys(catalog).filter((key) => /\{v\d+\}/.test(key) && key.replace(/\{\w+\}/g, "").replace(/[^a-zA-Z]/g, "").length >= 8).map((key) => {
+	const names: string[] = [];
+	const pattern = key.split(/(\{v\d+\})/g).map((part) => {
+		if (/^\{v\d+\}$/.test(part)) { names.push(part.slice(1, -1)); return "([\\s\\S]*?)"; }
+		return part.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, "\\$&");
+	}).join("");
+	return { key, names, regex: new RegExp(`^${pattern}$`) };
+});
+export function translate(language: Language, message: string | null | undefined, params: TranslationParams = {}): string {
+	if (message == null) return "";
+	if (language === "ru" && message.startsWith("{")) {
+		try { const body = JSON.parse(message) as { error?: unknown }; if (typeof body.error === "string") return translate(language, body.error, params); } catch {}
+	}
+	const entry = language === "ru" ? catalog[message] : (en as Record<string, Entry>)[message];
+	if (language === "ru" && entry === undefined && Object.keys(params).length === 0) {
+		for (const template of canonicalTemplates) {
+			const match = template.regex.exec(message);
+			if (match) return translate(language, template.key, Object.fromEntries(template.names.map((name, index) => [name, match[index + 1] ?? ""])));
+		}
+	}
+	const text = typeof entry === "string" ? entry : entry
+		? entry[new Intl.PluralRules(localeTag(language)).select(Number(params.count ?? 0))] ?? entry.other ?? message
+		: message;
+	return text.replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g, (match, key: string) => Object.hasOwn(params, key) ? String(params[key] ?? "") : match);
+}
+export function translator(language: Language): Translator { return (message, params) => translate(language, message, params); }
+export function learningLanguageInstruction(language: Language): string {
+	return language === "ru"
+		? "LANGUAGE: Use Russian for all learner-facing content: teaching, questions and answer choices, plans and titles, practice statements, hints, verdicts and solutions, research summaries, knowledge-graph propositions, and all text in generated diagrams, figures and interactive demos. Use natural Russian and address the learner as вы. Preserve code, mathematical notation, tool names, schema keys, identifiers, proper names and quoted source text. Follow an explicit learner request for a different language or a language-learning exercise when necessary."
+		: "LANGUAGE: Use English for all learner-facing content, including teaching, questions and choices, plans, titles, practice, research summaries, knowledge-graph propositions, and text in generated diagrams, figures and demos. Preserve code, notation, identifiers, proper names and quoted source text. Follow an explicit learner request for a different language or a language-learning exercise when necessary.";
+}
+/** Streaming configuration: the language is pinned once at recording start, including reconnects. */
+export function dictationUrl(language: Language): string {
+	const params = new URLSearchParams({ model: "nova-3", language, encoding: "linear16", sample_rate: "16000", channels: "1", smart_format: "true", punctuate: "true", endpointing: "300" });
+	return `wss://api.deepgram.com/v1/listen?${params}`;
+}
+
+/** Count labels with natural Russian inflections; English keeps its original singular/plural wording. */
+export function countLabel(language: Language, count: number, singular: string, plural: string): string {
+	return translate(language, `{count} ${language === "ru" ? plural : count === 1 ? singular : plural}`, { count });
+}

src/core/index.ts

@@ -79,3 +79,5 @@ export * from "./coverage.ts";
 // ONE session→markdown formatter — the extractor's view and the user-facing
 // export share it. Pure, browser-safe.
 export * from "./session-markdown.ts";
+
+export * from "./i18n.ts";

src/core/locales/en.json

@@ -0,0 +1,839 @@
+{
+	"Abort this turn?": "Abort this turn?",
+	"The partial answer stays in the transcript.": "The partial answer stays in the transcript.",
+	"Abort": "Abort",
+	"Dismiss this question?": "Dismiss this question?",
+	"Skipped — the teacher moves on without it.": "Skipped — the teacher moves on without it.",
+	"Dismiss": "Dismiss",
+	"Discard this problem?": "Discard this problem?",
+	"The problem is dropped — no solution is revealed.": "The problem is dropped — no solution is revealed.",
+	"Discard": "Discard",
+	" The working turn stops too.": " The working turn stops too.",
+	"Cancel": "Cancel",
+	"needs model setup": "needs model setup",
+	"needs a provider key": "needs a provider key",
+	"{v0}s": "{v0}s",
+	"{v0}m {v1}s": "{v0}m {v1}s",
+	"{v0}h {v1}m": "{v0}h {v1}m",
+	"Background agents": "Background agents",
+	"Total running cost (inferred)": "Total running cost (inferred)",
+	"Extraction — {v0}": "Extraction — {v0}",
+	"Researcher": "Researcher",
+	"Demo builder": "Demo builder",
+	"Figure maker": "Figure maker",
+	"PDF reader": "PDF reader",
+	"Sub-agent": "Sub-agent",
+	"Abort failed — try again": "Abort failed — try again",
+	"End this background process": "End this background process",
+	"End {v0} in {v1}": "End {v0} in {v1}",
+	"Cost": "Cost",
+	"Context": "Context",
+	"Model": "Model",
+	"Steps": "Steps",
+	"Open session →": "Open session →",
+	"No messages yet": "No messages yet",
+	"Start a conversation to see messages here": "Start a conversation to see messages here",
+	"Previous branch": "Previous branch",
+	"Next branch": "Next branch",
+	"Thinking...": "Thinking...",
+	"AGENT’S THINKING": "AGENT’S THINKING",
+	"Thinking": "Thinking",
+	"— skipped": "— skipped",
+	"YOUR THINKING": "YOUR THINKING",
+	"Probe": "Probe",
+	"Recall": "Recall",
+	"Prediction": "Prediction",
+	"Check": "Check",
+	"Explain": "Explain",
+	"Question": "Question",
+	"didn't know": "didn't know",
+	"Answered “I don't know”.": "Answered “I don't know”.",
+	"Hide why": "Hide why",
+	"Why": "Why",
+	"Why:": "Why:",
+	"The answer:": "The answer:",
+	"unknown error": "unknown error",
+	"Demo completed, but the result could not be displayed.": "Demo completed, but the result could not be displayed.",
+	"Interactive demo": "Interactive demo",
+	"interactive demo": "interactive demo",
+	"Invert demo brightness": "Invert demo brightness",
+	"Invert colors": "Invert colors",
+	"Download demo as HTML": "Download demo as HTML",
+	"Download as HTML": "Download as HTML",
+	"The demo \"{v0}\" threw an error: {v1}": "The demo \"{v0}\" threw an error: {v1}",
+	"This demo threw an error": "This demo threw an error",
+	"Send to teacher": "Send to teacher",
+	"Research agent": "Research agent",
+	"Demo agent": "Demo agent",
+	"Figure agent": "Figure agent",
+	"Set up models": "Set up models",
+	"Add a key": "Add a key",
+	"{v0} running": "{v0} running",
+	"Dispatched…": "Dispatched…",
+	"PDF reading completed, but the result could not be displayed.": "PDF reading completed, but the result could not be displayed.",
+	"PDF failed": "PDF failed",
+	"PDF brief": "PDF brief",
+	"Pages read:": "Pages read:",
+	"Pages consulted:": "Pages consulted:",
+	"Research completed, but the result could not be displayed.": "Research completed, but the result could not be displayed.",
+	"Research failed": "Research failed",
+	"Research brief": "Research brief",
+	"Sources": "Sources",
+	"{v0} — live": "{v0} — live",
+	"Input (streaming)": "Input (streaming)",
+	"Probe concluded — your assessment": "Probe concluded — your assessment",
+	"The prober retried:": "The prober retried:",
+	"The assessment was malformed — the prober retried with a corrected one.": "The assessment was malformed — the prober retried with a corrected one.",
+	"Writing the assessment…": "Writing the assessment…",
+	"A sub-agent finished, but its result could not be displayed.": "A sub-agent finished, but its result could not be displayed.",
+	"aborted by the learner": "aborted by the learner",
+	"reading complete": "reading complete",
+	"· read": "· read",
+	"view brief": "view brief",
+	"hide brief": "hide brief",
+	"Research": "Research",
+	"{v0}\n[{v1} image{v2} attached to the model]": "{v0}\n[{v1} image{v2} attached to the model]",
+	"Input": "Input",
+	"Error": "Error",
+	"Output": "Output",
+	"running…": "running…",
+	"Figure completed, but the result could not be displayed.": "Figure completed, but the result could not be displayed.",
+	"Figure": "Figure",
+	"Invert figure brightness": "Invert figure brightness",
+	"Download figure as SVG": "Download figure as SVG",
+	"Download as SVG": "Download as SVG",
+	"Open figure fullscreen": "Open figure fullscreen",
+	"Open fullscreen": "Open fullscreen",
+	"Working": "Working",
+	"{v0}ms": "{v0}ms",
+	"Search nodes…": "Search nodes…",
+	"Search nodes": "Search nodes",
+	"Close chains": "Close chains",
+	"Name": "Name",
+	"Props": "Props",
+	"Created": "Created",
+	"No matching chains.": "No matching chains.",
+	"Select everything born in {v0}": "Select everything born in {v0}",
+	"Expand cluster {v0}": "Expand cluster {v0}",
+	"Select chain {v0}": "Select chain {v0}",
+	"Expand chain {v0}": "Expand chain {v0}",
+	"Select node {v0}": "Select node {v0}",
+	"Clear": "Clear",
+	"Done picking — {v0} {v1} selected": "Done picking — {v0} {v1} selected",
+	"Done": "Done",
+	"Delete {v0} selected {v1}": "Delete {v0} selected {v1}",
+	"Delete": "Delete",
+	"rename failed: {v0}": "rename failed: {v0}",
+	"rename failed:": "rename failed:",
+	"Session title": "Session title",
+	"Rename this session": "Rename this session",
+	"Rename session": "Rename session",
+	"Open the full plan": "Open the full plan",
+	"Plan": "Plan",
+	"Practice": "Practice",
+	"New session": "New session",
+	"The teacher will open by probing what you already know.": "The teacher will open by probing what you already know.",
+	"Next problem": "Next problem",
+	"You": "You",
+	"Retrying…": "Retrying…",
+	"Compacting context": "Compacting context",
+	"COMPACTING CONTEXT…": "COMPACTING CONTEXT…",
+	"THINKING…": "THINKING…",
+	"Something went wrong:": "Something went wrong:",
+	"Set up your models": "Set up your models",
+	"Ask anything, or press Enter for the next one.": "Ask anything, or press Enter for the next one.",
+	"Context compacted": "Context compacted",
+	" · {v0}k tok": " · {v0}k tok",
+	"History compacted": "History compacted",
+	"{v0} {v1} selected": "{v0} {v1} selected",
+	"Pick nodes": "Pick nodes",
+	"Ask, answer, or steer the lesson…": "Ask, answer, or steer the lesson…",
+	"Stop": "Stop",
+	"Send": "Send",
+	"An extraction is running — try again when the activity dock drains.": "An extraction is running — try again when the activity dock drains.",
+	"Delete node": "Delete node",
+	"Delete node?": "Delete node?",
+	"Delete {v0} nodes?": "Delete {v0} nodes?",
+	", and {v0} more": ", and {v0} more",
+	"This permanently deletes the node — this cannot be undone.": "This permanently deletes the node — this cannot be undone.",
+	"This permanently deletes all {v0} nodes — this cannot be undone.": "This permanently deletes all {v0} nodes — this cannot be undone.",
+	"Try again": "Try again",
+	"Deleting…": "Deleting…",
+	"Delete failed — network error. Try again.": "Delete failed — network error. Try again.",
+	"Also remove its graph traces": "Also remove its graph traces",
+	"This session’s topics, links, and events leave the graph too. Topics other sessions or imported notes also cover survive; topics only this session created are removed entirely.": "This session’s topics, links, and events leave the graph too. Topics other sessions or imported notes also cover survive; topics only this session created are removed entirely.",
+	"Delete session": "Delete session",
+	"Delete session?": "Delete session?",
+	"This permanently removes the session — its messages, background jobs, and extraction records. Everything it added to the graph stays unless you check below. This cannot be undone.": "This permanently removes the session — its messages, background jobs, and extraction records. Everything it added to the graph stays unless you check below. This cannot be undone.",
+	"Dictation needs a Deepgram key": "Dictation needs a Deepgram key",
+	"Deepgram reconnect failed": "Deepgram reconnect failed",
+	"Deepgram connection lost ({v0})": "Deepgram connection lost ({v0})",
+	"Microphone permission denied": "Microphone permission denied",
+	"mic unavailable": "mic unavailable",
+	"token unavailable": "token unavailable",
+	"Dictation failed: {v0}": "Dictation failed: {v0}",
+	"Start dictation": "Start dictation",
+	"Stop dictation (Esc)": "Stop dictation (Esc)",
+	"Stop dictation": "Stop dictation",
+	"extracting…": "extracting…",
+	"fully extracted": "fully extracted",
+	"tok uncovered": "tok uncovered",
+	"Running": "Running",
+	"Extract": "Extract",
+	"How much of this session isn't mapped yet": "How much of this session isn't mapped yet",
+	"Extraction coverage": "Extraction coverage",
+	"Uncovered": "Uncovered",
+	"Covered": "Covered",
+	"Messages": "Messages",
+	"Chunk threshold": "Chunk threshold",
+	"Last extraction": "Last extraction",
+	"Status": "Status",
+	"Graph context": "Graph context",
+	"{v0}k": "{v0}k",
+	"{v0}M": "{v0}M",
+	"{v0}m": "{v0}m",
+	"{v0}h": "{v0}h",
+	"{v0}d": "{v0}d",
+	"Graph costs — click for details": "Graph costs — click for details",
+	"Extraction": "Extraction",
+	"Audit": "Audit",
+	"Graph pipeline costs": "Graph pipeline costs",
+	"in /": "in /",
+	" +1 unpriced": " +1 unpriced",
+	"Graph display settings": "Graph display settings",
+	"Node size": "Node size",
+	"Edge width": "Edge width",
+	"Arrowhead size": "Arrowhead size",
+	"Label size": "Label size",
+	"Labels until zoom": "Labels until zoom",
+	"Regions": "Regions",
+	"Background colors": "Background colors",
+	"Dilation": "Dilation",
+	"Blur": "Blur",
+	"Edge alpha": "Edge alpha",
+	"Bitmap resolution": "Bitmap resolution",
+	"Cluster labels": "Cluster labels",
+	"Cluster label size": "Cluster label size",
+	"Physics": "Physics",
+	"Node repulsion": "Node repulsion",
+	"Edge attraction": "Edge attraction",
+	"Edge length": "Edge length",
+	"Central pull": "Central pull",
+	"Cluster pull": "Cluster pull",
+	"Friction": "Friction",
+	"Depth anchor": "Depth anchor",
+	"Off": "Off",
+	"Vertical (up)": "Vertical (up)",
+	"Radial (outward)": "Radial (outward)",
+	"Depth strength": "Depth strength",
+	"Depth spacing": "Depth spacing",
+	"Base ring radius": "Base ring radius",
+	"No matching nodes.": "No matching nodes.",
+	"Every reasoning chain": "Every reasoning chain",
+	"Chains": "Chains",
+	"Import notes into the graph": "Import notes into the graph",
+	"Importing…": "Importing…",
+	"Import notes…": "Import notes…",
+	"Knowledge graph": "Knowledge graph",
+	"Start a session or import notes to build your graph.": "Start a session or import notes to build your graph.",
+	"Sessions": "Sessions",
+	"No sessions recorded.": "No sessions recorded.",
+	"What do you want to practice?": "What do you want to practice?",
+	"What do you want to learn?": "What do you want to learn?",
+	"Start session": "Start session",
+	"Teach": "Teach",
+	"A teacher agent with a memory — sessions, quizzes, and a knowledge graph of what you know.": "A teacher agent with a memory — sessions, quizzes, and a knowledge graph of what you know.",
+	"Could not load language settings": "Could not load language settings",
+	"Could not save language settings": "Could not save language settings",
+	"Interface language": "Interface language",
+	"Speech recognition language": "Speech recognition language",
+	"Auto": "Auto",
+	"System default": "System default",
+	"Global": "Global",
+	"Chat": "Chat",
+	"Graph view": "Graph view",
+	"Keyboard shortcuts": "Keyboard shortcuts",
+	"Esc to close": "Esc to close",
+	"Copy diagram source": "Copy diagram source",
+	"Open full-screen": "Open full-screen",
+	"Expand diagram": "Expand diagram",
+	"Copy code": "Copy code",
+	"Copy table": "Copy table",
+	"Copy equation source": "Copy equation source",
+	"Diagram failed to render": "Diagram failed to render",
+	"Show diagram source": "Show diagram source",
+	"Retry": "Retry",
+	"teaching session": "teaching session",
+	"teaching sessions": "teaching sessions",
+	"practice session": "practice session",
+	"practice sessions": "practice sessions",
+	"imported note": "imported note",
+	"imported notes": "imported notes",
+	"Nothing here yet — import notes to begin building the graph.": "Nothing here yet — import notes to begin building the graph.",
+	"catalog request failed: {v0}": "catalog request failed: {v0}",
+	"Could not reach the server — try again.": "Could not reach the server — try again.",
+	"Model selector": "Model selector",
+	"No models — add a provider key in Keys": "No models — add a provider key in Keys",
+	"This session's model": "This session's model",
+	"Strong tier — the default for new sessions": "Strong tier — the default for new sessions",
+	"{v0} has no thinking levels.": "{v0} has no thinking levels.",
+	"Pick a model first.": "Pick a model first.",
+	"Loading…": "Loading…",
+	"Levels this model actually supports": "Levels this model actually supports",
+	"New practice session": "New practice session",
+	"Pick nodes from your knowledge graph, describe what you want to practice, or bring your own problem.": "Pick nodes from your knowledge graph, describe what you want to practice, or bring your own problem.",
+	"Invalid import response. Please retry the file.": "Invalid import response. Please retry the file.",
+	"Import request failed (HTTP {v0}){v1}. Please retry the file.": "Import request failed (HTTP {v0}){v1}. Please retry the file.",
+	"Probing": "Probing",
+	"Planning": "Planning",
+	"Teaching": "Teaching",
+	"Plan · {v0} node{v1}": "Plan · {v0} node{v1}",
+	"Plan diagram": "Plan diagram",
+	"The full plan": "The full plan",
+	"The plan": "The plan",
+	"live — statuses derive from your check outcomes": "live — statuses derive from your check outcomes",
+	"Close": "Close",
+	"Drag to pan · scroll to zoom": "Drag to pan · scroll to zoom",
+	"Zoom out": "Zoom out",
+	"Fit plan to screen": "Fit plan to screen",
+	"Zoom in": "Zoom in",
+	"No plan in this session yet.": "No plan in this session yet.",
+	"Problem": "Problem",
+	"Solved": "Solved",
+	"Solved with hints": "Solved with hints",
+	"Moved on": "Moved on",
+	"Surrendered": "Surrendered",
+	"Dismissed": "Dismissed",
+	"Problem dismissed.": "Problem dismissed.",
+	"Concluded": "Concluded",
+	"Model solution": "Model solution",
+	"Metadata": "Metadata",
+	"Mode": "Mode",
+	"Targets": "Targets",
+	"Outcome": "Outcome",
+	"Hint rung": "Hint rung",
+	"Miss class": "Miss class",
+	"Retest": "Retest",
+	"Work here, think out loud.": "Work here, think out loud.",
+	"compacting session…": "compacting session…",
+	"↵ submits · ⇧↵ newline": "↵ submits · ⇧↵ newline",
+	"Submit thinking": "Submit thinking",
+	"This question arrived malformed — the transcript keeps the retry.": "This question arrived malformed — the transcript keeps the retry.",
+	"Check your understanding": "Check your understanding",
+	"Open": "Open",
+	"Answer": "Answer",
+	"I don't know": "I don't know",
+	"Type your own answer…": "Type your own answer…",
+	"Confidence": "Confidence",
+	"Confidence — the probability your selected answer is correct": "Confidence — the probability your selected answer is correct",
+	"{v0} percent": "{v0} percent",
+	"The probability your selected answer is correct — 50% is a coin flip. Adjust with ←/→.": "The probability your selected answer is correct — 50% is a coin flip. Adjust with ←/→.",
+	"Your answer": "Your answer",
+	"Type your answer…": "Type your answer…",
+	"Why this answer? Whatever comes to mind.": "Why this answer? Whatever comes to mind.",
+	"Submit answer": "Submit answer",
+	"Thinking while reading": "Thinking while reading",
+	"Whatever comes to mind as you read.": "Whatever comes to mind as you read.",
+	"Aborted": "Aborted",
+	"The turn stream body is empty.": "The turn stream body is empty.",
+	"A turn is already running — try again in a moment.": "A turn is already running — try again in a moment.",
+	"The dismissal failed ({v0}).": "The dismissal failed ({v0}).",
+	"Session Find": "Session Find",
+	"Find in session": "Find in session",
+	"Find in session…": "Find in session…",
+	"Previous match": "Previous match",
+	"Previous match (Shift+Enter)": "Previous match (Shift+Enter)",
+	"Next match": "Next match",
+	"Next match (Enter)": "Next match (Enter)",
+	"Close Find": "Close Find",
+	"Close Find (Esc)": "Close Find (Esc)",
+	"Diagram focus": "Diagram focus",
+	"Diagram": "Diagram",
+	"from this lesson": "from this lesson",
+	"Fit diagram to view": "Fit diagram to view",
+	"Rendering diagram…": "Rendering diagram…",
+	"Strong": "Strong",
+	"The main model for your sessions": "The main model for your sessions",
+	"Cheap": "Cheap",
+	"The assistants that research, build demos, and grade your work": "The assistants that research, build demos, and grade your work",
+	"Vision": "Vision",
+	"The assistants that draw and read PDFs": "The assistants that draw and read PDFs",
+	"Your version is in use": "Your version is in use",
+	"Teacher": "Teacher",
+	"Prober": "Prober",
+	"Shared": "Shared",
+	"Used by both agents": "Used by both agents",
+	"Catalog unavailable": "Catalog unavailable",
+	"Save failed: {v0}": "Save failed: {v0}",
+	"Saved": "Saved",
+	"Delete failed: {v0}": "Delete failed: {v0}",
+	"Deleted": "Deleted",
+	"✓ key": "✓ key",
+	"· no key": "· no key",
+	"prompt {v0}": "prompt {v0}",
+	"Hide text": "Hide text",
+	"Show text": "Show text",
+	"Source": "Source",
+	"The original instructions": "The original instructions",
+	"Override": "Override",
+	"Your version of the instructions": "Your version of the instructions",
+	"Add your own instructions…": "Add your own instructions…",
+	"Save": "Save",
+	"Models": "Models",
+	"{v0} model": "{v0} model",
+	"{v0} thinking": "{v0} thinking",
+	"Runs every agent of this tier": "Runs every agent of this tier",
+	"Tools": "Tools",
+	"Graph tools": "Graph tools",
+	"Lets the tutor consult your knowledge map between sessions": "Lets the tutor consult your knowledge map between sessions",
+	"Graph is disabled": "Graph is disabled",
+	"graph tools": "graph tools",
+	"Quizzing": "Quizzing",
+	"How both tutors check your understanding": "How both tutors check your understanding",
+	"Quizzing mechanics": "Quizzing mechanics",
+	"Multiple choice": "Multiple choice",
+	"Free recall": "Free recall",
+	"Tool · {v0}": "Tool · {v0}",
+	"tool {v0}": "tool {v0}",
+	"Search engine": "Search engine",
+	"Automatic": "Automatic",
+	"Compaction threshold": "Compaction threshold",
+	"{v0} tok": "{v0} tok",
+	"compaction threshold": "compaction threshold",
+	"System prompts": "System prompts",
+	"Loading prompt segments…": "Loading prompt segments…",
+	"Coming soon": "Coming soon",
+	"Dark": "Dark",
+	"Background": "Background",
+	"Empty = {v0}": "Empty = {v0}",
+	"background hex": "background hex",
+	"Reading font": "Reading font",
+	"Choose from your installed fonts": "Choose from your installed fonts",
+	"Common families — installed fonts could not be read": "Common families — installed fonts could not be read",
+	"Common families — your installed list needs the desktop app": "Common families — your installed list needs the desktop app",
+	"Your installed fonts": "Your installed fonts",
+	"Reading font size": "Reading font size",
+	"prose font size": "prose font size",
+	"Session names in serif": "Session names in serif",
+	"session names serif": "session names serif",
+	"Heading weight": "Heading weight",
+	"heading weight": "heading weight",
+	"Bold color": "Bold color",
+	"Empty = same as text": "Empty = same as text",
+	"same as text": "same as text",
+	"bold color": "bold color",
+	"Italic color": "Italic color",
+	"italic color": "italic color",
+	"Off = the graph stops growing": "Off = the graph stops growing",
+	"extraction enabled": "extraction enabled",
+	"Graph rendering": "Graph rendering",
+	"Off = home shows the chains view": "Off = home shows the chains view",
+	"graph rendering enabled": "graph rendering enabled",
+	"Extraction chunk budget": "Extraction chunk budget",
+	"extraction chunk budget": "extraction chunk budget",
+	"LearnHarness stores your ChatGPT account details and credentials in an unencrypted local file on this device. When this connection is used, relevant conversation context, learning material, and tool results are sent directly to OpenAI. ChatGPT plan limits apply; any additional credits are authorized and managed in ChatGPT, not LearnHarness.": "LearnHarness stores your ChatGPT account details and credentials in an unencrypted local file on this device. When this connection is used, relevant conversation context, learning material, and tool results are sent directly to OpenAI. ChatGPT plan limits apply; any additional credits are authorized and managed in ChatGPT, not LearnHarness.",
+	"Background work counts toward your ChatGPT plan usage.": "Background work counts toward your ChatGPT plan usage.",
+	"Allow background use for all ChatGPT accounts": "Allow background use for all ChatGPT accounts",
+	"Account disconnected locally. Remote revocation could not be confirmed.": "Account disconnected locally. Remote revocation could not be confirmed.",
+	"Disconnect account?": "Disconnect account?",
+	"This removes the saved account and its credentials from this device.": "This removes the saved account and its credentials from this device.",
+	"The ChatGPT connection could not be changed. Try again.": "The ChatGPT connection could not be changed. Try again.",
+	"The desktop connection is unavailable. Retry when the app is ready.": "The desktop connection is unavailable. Retry when the app is ready.",
+	"Disconnect account": "Disconnect account",
+	"Saved ChatGPT account": "Saved ChatGPT account",
+	"Add another account or workspace": "Add another account or workspace",
+	"Manage…": "Manage…",
+	"OpenAI privacy": "OpenAI privacy",
+	"Manage usage": "Manage usage",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in is available only in the desktop app. API-key connections remain available here.": "ChatGPT sign-in is available only in the desktop app. API-key connections remain available here.",
+	"Waiting for browser sign-in…": "Waiting for browser sign-in…",
+	"Manage ChatGPT account": "Manage ChatGPT account",
+	"Add accounts": "Add accounts",
+	"Disconnect": "Disconnect",
+	"Sign in again": "Sign in again",
+	"Continue with ChatGPT": "Continue with ChatGPT",
+	"ChatGPT account": "ChatGPT account",
+	"Connect": "Connect",
+	"Enable background use": "Enable background use",
+	"Graph": "Graph",
+	"Fixed — part of this screen": "Fixed — part of this screen",
+	"Press keys…": "Press keys…",
+	"Rebind": "Rebind",
+	"Reset": "Reset",
+	"Stored on this device (lh:keymap) — overrides only.": "Stored on this device (lh:keymap) — overrides only.",
+	"Reset all to defaults": "Reset all to defaults",
+	"not set": "not set",
+	" · env": " · env",
+	"Paste key…": "Paste key…",
+	"{v0} key": "{v0} key",
+	"key ↗": "key ↗",
+	"+ Add provider key": "+ Add provider key",
+	"Loading keys…": "Loading keys…",
+	"Model API keys": "Model API keys",
+	"Subscriptions": "Subscriptions",
+	"Dictation": "Dictation",
+	"Search": "Search",
+	"Search models…": "Search models…",
+	"Loading models…": "Loading models…",
+	"No models match.": "No models match.",
+	"Subscription connection": "Subscription connection",
+	"USD per 1M tokens in/out": "USD per 1M tokens in/out",
+	"{v0} (subscription)": "{v0} (subscription)",
+	"Search providers…": "Search providers…",
+	"No providers match.": "No providers match.",
+	"Search fonts…": "Search fonts…",
+	"Loading fonts…": "Loading fonts…",
+	"Use “": "Use “",
+	"Providers": "Providers",
+	"Agent": "Agent",
+	"Appearance": "Appearance",
+	"Keyboard": "Keyboard",
+	"Stored on this device": "Stored on this device",
+	"General": "General",
+	"Automatic updates arrive in an upcoming release": "Automatic updates arrive in an upcoming release",
+	"status {v0}": "status {v0}",
+	"Settings": "Settings",
+	"Close settings": "Close settings",
+	"Settings sections": "Settings sections",
+	"Loading settings…": "Loading settings…",
+	"Settings could not be loaded — refresh to retry.": "Settings could not be loaded — refresh to retry.",
+	"Auto-update": "Auto-update",
+	"auto update": "auto update",
+	"Pi's native Copilot sign-in may enable additional models whose policy is not yet configured. Models explicitly disabled by policy are not enabled. Organization restrictions still apply.": "Pi's native Copilot sign-in may enable additional models whose policy is not yet configured. Models explicitly disabled by policy are not enabled. Organization restrictions still apply.",
+	"Allow LearnHarness helper agents and automatic follow-ups to use this connection.": "Allow LearnHarness helper agents and automatic follow-ups to use this connection.",
+	"Your prompts, tool results, and relevant session context are sent to {v0} to run the work you select. Credentials are stored locally in an owner-only plaintext file. Provider terms, data-use policies, and plan limits apply. This connection never falls back to an API key.": "Your prompts, tool results, and relevant session context are sent to {v0} to run the work you select. Credentials are stored locally in an owner-only plaintext file. Provider terms, data-use policies, and plan limits apply. This connection never falls back to an API key.",
+	"Disconnect {v0} from LearnHarness? This stops work using this connection and removes its saved credentials from this device. It does not cancel your subscription or revoke access at the provider. Saved model choices will remain unavailable until you reconnect or change them.": "Disconnect {v0} from LearnHarness? This stops work using this connection and removes its saved credentials from this device. It does not cancel your subscription or revoke access at the provider. Saved model choices will remain unavailable until you reconnect or change them.",
+	"The connection could not be changed. Try again.": "The connection could not be changed. Try again.",
+	"Sign-in did not complete. Try connecting again.": "Sign-in did not complete. Try connecting again.",
+	"{v0} connection": "{v0} connection",
+	"Allow background use": "Allow background use",
+	"Subscription sign-in requires the desktop app's private server connection. API-key connections remain available here.": "Subscription sign-in requires the desktop app's private server connection. API-key connections remain available here.",
+	"Device code:": "Device code:",
+	"The browser could not be opened. Try again.": "The browser could not be opened. Try again.",
+	"Open browser": "Open browser",
+	"Select…": "Select…",
+	"Continue": "Continue",
+	"Add a provider key": "Add a provider key",
+	"Prober, teacher": "Prober, teacher",
+	"Researcher, demo builder, extractor, auditor": "Researcher, demo builder, extractor, auditor",
+	"Visual maker + PDF reader": "Visual maker + PDF reader",
+	"Choose your AI provider and paste its API key. You’ll pick your models next.": "Choose your AI provider and paste its API key. You’ll pick your models next.",
+	"Provider": "Provider",
+	"Pick a provider…": "Pick a provider…",
+	"Saving…": "Saving…",
+	"Save key": "Save key",
+	"Save failed. Check your connection and try again.": "Save failed. Check your connection and try again.",
+	"Close setup": "Close setup",
+	"Model catalog could not be loaded. Check the connection and retry.": "Model catalog could not be loaded. Check the connection and retry.",
+	"Pick the model for each tier. All three are required before chats can start.": "Pick the model for each tier. All three are required before chats can start.",
+	"Pick a model…": "Pick a model…",
+	"No image-capable models. Add a provider key with access to a vision model.": "No image-capable models. Add a provider key with access to a vision model.",
+	"Save models": "Save models",
+	"Open sidebar": "Open sidebar",
+	"just now": "just now",
+	"{v0}m ago": "{v0}m ago",
+	"{v0}h ago": "{v0}h ago",
+	"{v0}d ago": "{v0}d ago",
+	"Compacting context · {v0}": "Compacting context · {v0}",
+	"Waiting for input · {v0}": "Waiting for input · {v0}",
+	"Problem waiting · {v0}": "Problem waiting · {v0}",
+	"Working…": "Working…",
+	"Practice session": "Practice session",
+	"Home": "Home",
+	"Close sidebar": "Close sidebar",
+	"create a new teaching session": "create a new teaching session",
+	"create a new practice session": "create a new practice session",
+	"Search sessions": "Search sessions",
+	"Search…": "Search…",
+	"All": "All",
+	"No sessions match.": "No sessions match.",
+	"No sessions yet.": "No sessions yet.",
+	"Rename": "Rename",
+	"Export as Markdown…": "Export as Markdown…",
+	"Delete…": "Delete…",
+	"Session stats": "Session stats",
+	"Context (last call)": "Context (last call)",
+	"Usage": "Usage",
+	"Total cost": "Total cost",
+	"Manage ChatGPT usage": "Manage ChatGPT usage",
+	"Unpriced turns": "Unpriced turns",
+	"Turns": "Turns",
+	"is ready": "is ready",
+	"— restart to finish installing.": "— restart to finish installing.",
+	"Restart": "Restart",
+	"Toggle dictation": "Toggle dictation",
+	"Open settings": "Open settings",
+	"Cycle thinking level": "Cycle thinking level",
+	"Toggle sessions sidebar": "Toggle sessions sidebar",
+	"Toggle all your thinking": "Toggle all your thinking",
+	"Find": "Find",
+	"Shortcut cheat sheet": "Shortcut cheat sheet",
+	"Question · focus thinking ↔ rows": "Question · focus thinking ↔ rows",
+	"Question · next row": "Question · next row",
+	"Question · previous row": "Question · previous row",
+	"Question · pick row": "Question · pick row",
+	"Question · submit": "Question · submit",
+	"Space": "Space",
+	"Speech-to-text key for dictation — needs ≥ Member permission in the Deepgram console to mint tokens.": "Speech-to-text key for dictation — needs ≥ Member permission in the Deepgram console to mint tokens.",
+	"Web-search engine for the researcher sub-agent (AI-native search API). Setting the key activates it — no engine toggle needed.": "Web-search engine for the researcher sub-agent (AI-native search API). Setting the key activates it — no engine toggle needed.",
+	"Web-search engine for the researcher sub-agent — the alternative to Tavily. Setting the key activates it.": "Web-search engine for the researcher sub-agent — the alternative to Tavily. Setting the key activates it.",
+	"{v0} must be at least {v1} characters with no whitespace": "{v0} must be at least {v1} characters with no whitespace",
+	"{v0} must start with \"tvly-\" (Tavily's key format)": "{v0} must start with \"tvly-\" (Tavily's key format)",
+	"unknown key \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})": "unknown key \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})",
+	"{v0} must be at least 12 characters with no whitespace": "{v0} must be at least 12 characters with no whitespace",
+	"Dictate": "Dictate",
+	"of": "of",
+	"correct": "correct",
+	"incorrect": "incorrect",
+	"failed": "failed",
+	"complete": "complete",
+	"sources": "sources",
+	"unlabeled": "unlabeled",
+	"notes": "notes",
+	"tokens": "tokens",
+	"unpriced": "unpriced",
+	"out": "out",
+	"steps": "steps",
+	"custom": "custom",
+	"needed": "needed",
+	"now": "now",
+	"starting": "starting",
+	"done": "done",
+	"queued": "queued",
+	"running": "running",
+	"extracting": "extracting",
+	"auditing": "auditing",
+	"merging": "merging",
+	"delivery failed": "delivery failed",
+	"waiting": "waiting",
+	"waiting for a slot": "waiting for a slot",
+	"building demo": "building demo",
+	"rendering figure": "rendering figure",
+	"reading PDF": "reading PDF",
+	"final verification": "final verification",
+	"off": "off",
+	"minimal": "minimal",
+	"low": "low",
+	"medium": "medium",
+	"high": "high",
+	"xhigh": "xhigh",
+	"max": "max",
+	"No thinking levels.": "No thinking levels.",
+	"Learner": "Learner",
+	"Quiz": "Quiz",
+	"Recall check": "Recall check",
+	"(no question text)": "(no question text)",
+	"The learner skipped this check.": "The learner skipped this check.",
+	"The learner did not know.": "The learner did not know.",
+	"The learner answered correctly.": "The learner answered correctly.",
+	"The learner answered incorrectly.": "The learner answered incorrectly.",
+	"The learner answered in their own words: {answer}": "The learner answered in their own words: {answer}",
+	"The learner answered in his own words: {answer}": "The learner answered in his own words: {answer}",
+	"Their thinking: {thinking}": "Their thinking: {thinking}",
+	"his thinking: {thinking}": "his thinking: {thinking}",
+	"(no statement)": "(no statement)",
+	"The learner skipped this problem.": "The learner skipped this problem.",
+	"The learner answered: {answer}": "The learner answered: {answer}",
+	"The learner chose: {answer}": "The learner chose: {answer}",
+	"The learner skipped this question.": "The learner skipped this question.",
+	"Q:": "Q:",
+	"Tool": "Tool",
+	"{tool} result delivered": "{tool} result delivered",
+	"No model configured — set up your models first": "No model configured — set up your models first",
+	"No {v0} key is set — add one in Settings → Keys": "No {v0} key is set — add one in Settings → Keys",
+	"Unknown chat": "Unknown chat",
+	"Invalid JSON body": "Invalid JSON body",
+	"Failed to fetch": "Failed to fetch",
+	"Network error": "Network error",
+	"Network error. Try again.": "Network error. Try again.",
+	"Failed to attach to the running turn.": "Failed to attach to the running turn.",
+	"The send failed ({v0}).": "The send failed ({v0}).",
+	"The steer failed ({v0}).": "The steer failed ({v0}).",
+	"Save failed ({v0})": "Save failed ({v0})",
+	"Delete failed ({v0})": "Delete failed ({v0})",
+	"settings rejected ({v0})": "settings rejected ({v0})",
+	"A turn is already running for this session": "A turn is already running for this session",
+	"This file is already being imported. Try again when it finishes.": "This file is already being imported. Try again when it finishes.",
+	"Notes import did not complete": "Notes import did not complete",
+	"Deepgram grant returned no token": "Deepgram grant returned no token",
+	"Deepgram unreachable": "Deepgram unreachable",
+	"Deepgram token grant failed ({v0}): {v1}": "Deepgram token grant failed ({v0}): {v1}",
+	"token route {v0}": "token route {v0}",
+	"No files": "No files",
+	"Empty title": "Empty title",
+	"Title must not be empty": "Title must not be empty",
+	"Copied": "Copied",
+	"Copy": "Copy",
+	"Download": "Download",
+	"No results": "No results",
+	"Select": "Select",
+	"Previous": "Previous",
+	"Next": "Next",
+	"Untitled session": "Untitled session",
+	"{count} messages unextracted": {
+		"one": "{count} message unextracted",
+		"other": "{count} messages unextracted"
+	},
+	"· read {count} pages": {
+		"one": "· read {count} page",
+		"other": "· read {count} pages"
+	},
+	"{count} sources": {
+		"one": "{count} source",
+		"other": "{count} sources"
+	},
+	"{count} propositions": "{count} propositions",
+	"{count} chains": "{count} chains",
+	"{count} teaching sessions": "{count} teaching sessions",
+	"{count} practice sessions": "{count} practice sessions",
+	"{count} imported notes": "{count} imported notes",
+	"Copy Code": "Copy Code",
+	"Download file": "Download file",
+	"Download diagram": "Download diagram",
+	"Download diagram as SVG": "Download diagram as SVG",
+	"Download diagram as PNG": "Download diagram as PNG",
+	"Download diagram as MMD": "Download diagram as MMD",
+	"View fullscreen": "View fullscreen",
+	"Exit fullscreen": "Exit fullscreen",
+	"Copy table as Markdown": "Copy table as Markdown",
+	"Copy table as CSV": "Copy table as CSV",
+	"Copy table as TSV": "Copy table as TSV",
+	"Download table": "Download table",
+	"Download table as CSV": "Download table as CSV",
+	"Download table as Markdown": "Download table as Markdown",
+	"Image not available": "Image not available",
+	"Download image": "Download image",
+	"Open external link?": "Open external link?",
+	"You're about to visit an external website.": "You're about to visit an external website.",
+	"Copy link": "Copy link",
+	"Open link": "Open link",
+	"Other": "Other",
+	"Light": "Light",
+	"delivered": "delivered",
+	"No such session": "No such session",
+	"A turn is running in this session — try again when it finishes": "A turn is running in this session — try again when it finishes",
+	"Background jobs are still running in this session — try again when they finish": "Background jobs are still running in this session — try again when they finish",
+	"The session's extraction is still winding down — try again in a moment": "The session's extraction is still winding down — try again in a moment",
+	"Not found": "Not found",
+	"title must be a non-empty string": "title must be a non-empty string",
+	"unknown key \"{v0}\"": "unknown key \"{v0}\"",
+	"body must be JSON": "body must be JSON",
+	"body must be {value: string}": "body must be {value: string}",
+	"model must be {provider, id}": "model must be {provider, id}",
+	"thinkingLevel must be a string": "thinkingLevel must be a string",
+	"autoUpdate must be a boolean": "autoUpdate must be a boolean",
+	"{v0} must be \"en\" or \"ru\"": "{v0} must be \"en\" or \"ru\"",
+	"{v0} must be an object": "{v0} must be an object",
+	"{v0}.model must be {provider, id}": "{v0}.model must be {provider, id}",
+	"{v0}.thinkingLevel must be a string": "{v0}.thinkingLevel must be a string",
+	"{v0}.{v1} must be a boolean": "{v0}.{v1} must be a boolean",
+	"models must be an object": "models must be an object",
+	"unknown role \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})": "unknown role \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})",
+	"unknown tool \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})": "unknown tool \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})",
+	"search must be an object": "search must be an object",
+	"search.engine must be \"tavily\" or \"brave\"": "search.engine must be \"tavily\" or \"brave\"",
+	"graphTools must be an object": "graphTools must be an object",
+	"graphTools.enabled must be a boolean": "graphTools.enabled must be a boolean",
+	"{v0} must be a #hex color or null": "{v0} must be a #hex color or null",
+	"mode must be \"dark\" or \"light\"": "mode must be \"dark\" or \"light\"",
+	"fontFamily must be a non-empty string or null": "fontFamily must be a non-empty string or null",
+	"proseFontSize must be an integer between 12 and 24": "proseFontSize must be an integer between 12 and 24",
+	"sessionNameSerif must be a boolean": "sessionNameSerif must be a boolean",
+	"mdRendering must be an object": "mdRendering must be an object",
+	"mdRendering.headingWeight must be an integer between 100 and 900": "mdRendering.headingWeight must be an integer between 100 and 900",
+	"enabled must be a boolean": "enabled must be a boolean",
+	"rendering must be a boolean": "rendering must be a boolean",
+	"extractionChunkTokens must be a number": "extractionChunkTokens must be a number",
+	"extractionChunkTokens must be at least {v0} (smaller batches waste the per-run graph overhead)": "extractionChunkTokens must be at least {v0} (smaller batches waste the per-run graph overhead)",
+	"unknown slot \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})": "unknown slot \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})",
+	"slot \"{v0}\" must set a model (thinkingLevel alone cannot run — absent slot = unset)": "slot \"{v0}\" must set a model (thinkingLevel alone cannot run — absent slot = unset)",
+	"thresholdTokens must be a number": "thresholdTokens must be a number",
+	"thresholdTokens must be at least {v0} (compaction keeps a ~20k-token recent tail — smaller budgets would churn it)": "thresholdTokens must be at least {v0} (compaction keeps a ~20k-token recent tail — smaller budgets would churn it)",
+	"The tool call failed.": "The tool call failed.",
+	"Aborted by learner": "Aborted by learner",
+	"starting research": "starting research",
+	"starting demo": "starting demo",
+	"starting figure": "starting figure",
+	"building visual": "building visual",
+	"render_svg: inspecting final render": "render_svg: inspecting final render",
+	"render_svg: inspecting render": "render_svg: inspecting render",
+	"render_svg: render error": "render_svg: render error",
+	"edit_svg: applied": "edit_svg: applied",
+	"web_search: \"{v0}\"": "web_search: \"{v0}\"",
+	"web_fetch: {v0}": "web_fetch: {v0}",
+	"Stopping…": "Stopping…",
+	"The demo could not be built.": "The demo could not be built.",
+	"The figure could not be drawn.": "The figure could not be drawn.",
+	"untagged": "untagged",
+	"yes": "yes",
+	"no": "no",
+	"none": "none",
+	" · select all that apply": " · select all that apply",
+	"recall": "recall",
+	"discrimination": "discrimination",
+	"composition": "composition",
+	"solved": "solved",
+	"solvedWithHints": "solvedWithHints",
+	"movedOn": "movedOn",
+	"surrendered": "surrendered",
+	"dismissed": "dismissed",
+	"cue": "cue",
+	"execution": "execution",
+	"careless": "careless",
+	"structural": "structural",
+	"pending": "pending",
+	"consent": "consent",
+	"proposition": "proposition",
+	"propositions": "propositions",
+	"node": "node",
+	"nodes": "nodes",
+	"chain": "chain",
+	"chains": "chains",
+	" · {v0} sources": " · {v0} sources",
+	"{v0}s elapsed": "{v0}s elapsed",
+	"{count} nodes": "{count} nodes",
+	"The saved connection could not be read or written safely. Reopen the app or reconnect after resolving the credential-file problem.": "The saved connection could not be read or written safely. Reopen the app or reconnect after resolving the credential-file problem.",
+	"The connection could not be refreshed. Retry or reconnect in Providers.": "The connection could not be refreshed. Retry or reconnect in Providers.",
+	"Sign-in cancelled.": "Sign-in cancelled.",
+	"This subscription connection is unavailable. Reconnect or explicitly choose another connection.": "This subscription connection is unavailable. Reconnect or explicitly choose another connection.",
+	"Background use is off for this connection. Automatic follow-up remains deferred in its queue.": "Background use is off for this connection. Automatic follow-up remains deferred in its queue.",
+	"The connection or model catalog changed. Select an available model and retry.": "The connection or model catalog changed. Select an available model and retry.",
+	"This sign-in action is no longer available.": "This sign-in action is no longer available.",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in cancelled.": "ChatGPT sign-in cancelled.",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in timed out. Try again.": "ChatGPT sign-in timed out. Try again.",
+	"ChatGPT credentials could not be read or saved. Check local file access, then reconnect before making requests.": "ChatGPT credentials could not be read or saved. Check local file access, then reconnect before making requests.",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in could not be verified. Select the intended saved account and try again.": "ChatGPT sign-in could not be verified. Select the intended saved account and try again.",
+	"ChatGPT plan permission is missing. Reconnect and authorize ChatGPT plan use.": "ChatGPT plan permission is missing. Reconnect and authorize ChatGPT plan use.",
+	"This ChatGPT connection is disconnected. Reconnect in Providers.": "This ChatGPT connection is disconnected. Reconnect in Providers.",
+	"ChatGPT background use is off in this app. Enable Allow background use for all ChatGPT accounts in Providers, or explicitly select an API-key model for that workload.": "ChatGPT background use is off in this app. Enable Allow background use for all ChatGPT accounts in Providers, or explicitly select an API-key model for that workload.",
+	"The ChatGPT account model catalog is unavailable. Retry the connection; no API-key fallback was used.": "The ChatGPT account model catalog is unavailable. Retry the connection; no API-key fallback was used.",
+	"The ChatGPT session expired. Reconnect in Providers.": "The ChatGPT session expired. Reconnect in Providers.",
+	"ChatGPT could not be reached. Check your connection and try again.": "ChatGPT could not be reached. Check your connection and try again.",
+	"A ChatGPT sign-in is already pending.": "A ChatGPT sign-in is already pending.",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in is unavailable in browser-only mode.": "ChatGPT sign-in is unavailable in browser-only mode.",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in failed. Try again; no API-key fallback was used.": "ChatGPT sign-in failed. Try again; no API-key fallback was used.",
+	"The selected model is unavailable.": "The selected model is unavailable.",
+	"ChatGPT plan usage limit reached. Manage usage at https://chatgpt.com/settings/usage. No API-key fallback was used.": "ChatGPT plan usage limit reached. Manage usage at https://chatgpt.com/settings/usage. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"ChatGPT plan permission is missing. Reconnect in Providers and authorize plan use. No API-key fallback was used.": "ChatGPT plan permission is missing. Reconnect in Providers and authorize plan use. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"Your ChatGPT session expired. Reconnect in Providers. No API-key fallback was used.": "Your ChatGPT session expired. Reconnect in Providers. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"ChatGPT background use is off in this app. Enable Allow background use for all ChatGPT accounts in Providers to run this work. No API-key fallback was used.": "ChatGPT background use is off in this app. Enable Allow background use for all ChatGPT accounts in Providers to run this work. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"This ChatGPT account or workspace does not permit this request. Check ChatGPT settings; reconnecting may not change eligibility.": "This ChatGPT account or workspace does not permit this request. Check ChatGPT settings; reconnecting may not change eligibility.",
+	"ChatGPT request cancelled or connection closed. No API-key fallback was used.": "ChatGPT request cancelled or connection closed. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"The selected model is unavailable for this ChatGPT account. Refresh Providers and explicitly choose an available model. No API-key fallback was used.": "The selected model is unavailable for this ChatGPT account. Refresh Providers and explicitly choose an available model. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"ChatGPT returned an incomplete response. Retry when ready; no API-key fallback was used.": "ChatGPT returned an incomplete response. Retry when ready; no API-key fallback was used.",
+	"ChatGPT request failed. Check your connection and ChatGPT usage, then retry. No API-key fallback was used.": "ChatGPT request failed. Check your connection and ChatGPT usage, then retry. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"{v0} background use is off in this app. Enable it in Providers to run this work. No API-key fallback was used.": "{v0} background use is off in this app. Enable it in Providers to run this work. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"{v0} usage limit reached. Check your provider account and try again later. No API-key fallback was used.": "{v0} usage limit reached. Check your provider account and try again later. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"{v0} authorization could not be refreshed. Retry or reconnect in Providers. No API-key fallback was used.": "{v0} authorization could not be refreshed. Retry or reconnect in Providers. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"{v0} request cancelled or connection closed. No API-key fallback was used.": "{v0} request cancelled or connection closed. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"The selected {v0} model or connection is unavailable. Refresh Providers and explicitly choose an available model. No API-key fallback was used.": "The selected {v0} model or connection is unavailable. Refresh Providers and explicitly choose an available model. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"{v0} request failed. Check the connection, account access and provider limits, then retry. No API-key fallback was used.": "{v0} request failed. Check the connection, account access and provider limits, then retry. No API-key fallback was used.",
+	"GitHub Enterprise URL/domain (blank for github.com)": "GitHub Enterprise URL/domain (blank for github.com)",
+	"Enabling models...": "Enabling models...",
+	"Waiting for authorization...": "Waiting for authorization...",
+	"no search engine configured — set a Tavily or Brave search API key": "no search engine configured — set a Tavily or Brave search API key",
+	"search engine is set to \"{v0}\" but its API key is missing — set the {v1} key": "search engine is set to \"{v0}\" but its API key is missing — set the {v1} key",
+	"search engine: {v0} (chosen)": "search engine: {v0} (chosen)",
+	"search engine: {v0} (auto)": "search engine: {v0} (auto)",
+	"update": "update"
+}

src/core/locales/ru.json

@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+{
+	"Abort this turn?": "Прервать ответ?",
+	"The partial answer stays in the transcript.": "Частичный ответ останется в истории занятия.",
+	"Abort": "Прервать",
+	"Dismiss this question?": "Пропустить вопрос?",
+	"Skipped — the teacher moves on without it.": "Вопрос будет пропущен — преподаватель продолжит без ответа на него.",
+	"Dismiss": "Пропустить",
+	"Discard this problem?": "Отменить задачу?",
+	"The problem is dropped — no solution is revealed.": "Задача будет отменена, решение не будет показано.",
+	"Discard": "Отменить задачу",
+	" The working turn stops too.": " Текущий ответ тоже будет прерван.",
+	"Cancel": "Отмена",
+	"needs model setup": "нужно настроить модели",
+	"needs a provider key": "нужен ключ провайдера",
+	"{v0}s": "{v0} с",
+	"{v0}m {v1}s": "{v0} мин {v1} с",
+	"{v0}h {v1}m": "{v0} ч {v1} мин",
+	"Background agents": "Фоновые агенты",
+	"Total running cost (inferred)": "Общая текущая стоимость (оценка)",
+	"Extraction — {v0}": "Извлечение знаний — {v0}",
+	"Researcher": "Исследователь",
+	"Demo builder": "Создатель демонстраций",
+	"Figure maker": "Создатель иллюстраций",
+	"PDF reader": "Чтение PDF",
+	"Sub-agent": "Вспомогательный агент",
+	"Abort failed — try again": "Не удалось прервать — повторите попытку",
+	"End this background process": "Завершить фоновый процесс",
+	"End {v0} in {v1}": "Завершить «{v0}» в занятии «{v1}»",
+	"Cost": "Стоимость",
+	"Context": "Контекст",
+	"Model": "Модель",
+	"Steps": "Шаги",
+	"Open session →": "Открыть занятие →",
+	"No messages yet": "Сообщений пока нет",
+	"Start a conversation to see messages here": "Начните разговор, чтобы здесь появились сообщения",
+	"Previous branch": "Предыдущая ветка",
+	"Next branch": "Следующая ветка",
+	"Thinking...": "Размышляю…",
+	"AGENT’S THINKING": "РАССУЖДЕНИЯ АГЕНТА",
+	"Thinking": "Рассуждения",
+	"— skipped": "— пропущено",
+	"YOUR THINKING": "ВАШИ РАССУЖДЕНИЯ",
+	"Probe": "Диагностика",
+	"Recall": "Воспроизведение по памяти",
+	"Prediction": "Предсказание",
+	"Check": "Проверка",
+	"Explain": "Объяснение",
+	"Question": "Вопрос",
+	"didn't know": "не знаю",
+	"Answered “I don't know”.": "Вы ответили «Не знаю».",
+	"Hide why": "Скрыть объяснение",
+	"Why": "Почему",
+	"Why:": "Почему:",
+	"The answer:": "Ответ:",
+	"unknown error": "неизвестная ошибка",
+	"Demo completed, but the result could not be displayed.": "Демонстрация готова, но отобразить её не удалось.",
+	"Interactive demo": "Интерактивная демонстрация",
+	"interactive demo": "интерактивная демонстрация",
+	"Invert demo brightness": "Инвертировать яркость демонстрации",
+	"Invert colors": "Инвертировать цвета",
+	"Download demo as HTML": "Скачать демонстрацию в формате HTML",
+	"Download as HTML": "Скачать HTML",
+	"The demo \"{v0}\" threw an error: {v1}": "В демонстрации «{v0}» возникла ошибка: {v1}",
+	"This demo threw an error": "В демонстрации возникла ошибка",
+	"Send to teacher": "Отправить преподавателю",
+	"Research agent": "Агент-исследователь",
+	"Demo agent": "Агент демонстраций",
+	"Figure agent": "Агент иллюстраций",
+	"Set up models": "Настроить модели",
+	"Add a key": "Добавить ключ",
+	"{v0} running": "{v0}: выполняется",
+	"Dispatched…": "Задача отправлена…",
+	"PDF reading completed, but the result could not be displayed.": "Чтение PDF завершено, но отобразить результат не удалось.",
+	"PDF failed": "Ошибка чтения PDF",
+	"PDF brief": "Обзор PDF",
+	"Pages read:": "Прочитанные страницы:",
+	"Pages consulted:": "Использованные страницы:",
+	"Research completed, but the result could not be displayed.": "Исследование завершено, но отобразить результат не удалось.",
+	"Research failed": "Ошибка исследования",
+	"Research brief": "Обзор исследования",
+	"Sources": "Источники",
+	"{v0} — live": "{v0} — выполняется",
+	"Input (streaming)": "Входные данные (поступают)",
+	"Probe concluded — your assessment": "Диагностика завершена — ваша оценка",
+	"The prober retried:": "Агент диагностики повторил попытку:",
+	"The assessment was malformed — the prober retried with a corrected one.": "Оценка содержала ошибки формата — агент диагностики подготовил исправленный вариант.",
+	"Writing the assessment…": "Готовлю оценку…",
+	"A sub-agent finished, but its result could not be displayed.": "Вспомогательный агент завершил работу, но отобразить результат не удалось.",
+	"aborted by the learner": "прервано пользователем",
+	"reading complete": "чтение завершено",
+	"· read": "· прочитано",
+	"view brief": "показать обзор",
+	"hide brief": "скрыть обзор",
+	"Research": "Исследование",
+	"{v0}\n[{v1} image{v2} attached to the model]": "{v0}\n[Изображений, приложенных для модели: {v1}]",
+	"Input": "Входные данные",
+	"Error": "Ошибка",
+	"Output": "Результат",
+	"running…": "выполняется…",
+	"Figure completed, but the result could not be displayed.": "Иллюстрация готова, но отобразить её не удалось.",
+	"Figure": "Иллюстрация",
+	"Invert figure brightness": "Инвертировать яркость иллюстрации",
+	"Download figure as SVG": "Скачать иллюстрацию в формате SVG",
+	"Download as SVG": "Скачать SVG",
+	"Open figure fullscreen": "Открыть иллюстрацию на весь экран",
+	"Open fullscreen": "На весь экран",
+	"Working": "Выполняется",
+	"{v0}ms": "{v0} мс",
+	"Search nodes…": "Поиск узлов…",
+	"Search nodes": "Поиск узлов",
+	"Close chains": "Закрыть цепочки",
+	"Name": "Название",
+	"Props": "Утверждения",
+	"Created": "Создано",
+	"No matching chains.": "Подходящих цепочек нет.",
+	"Select everything born in {v0}": "Выбрать всё, созданное в занятии «{v0}»",
+	"Expand cluster {v0}": "Развернуть группу «{v0}»",
+	"Select chain {v0}": "Выбрать цепочку «{v0}»",
+	"Expand chain {v0}": "Развернуть цепочку «{v0}»",
+	"Select node {v0}": "Выбрать узел «{v0}»",
+	"Clear": "Очистить",
+	"Done picking — {v0} {v1} selected": "Завершить выбор — выбрано узлов: {v0}",
+	"Done": "Готово",
+	"Delete {v0} selected {v1}": "Удалить выбранные узлы ({v0})",
+	"Delete": "Удалить",
+	"rename failed: {v0}": "не удалось переименовать: {v0}",
+	"rename failed:": "не удалось переименовать:",
+	"Session title": "Название занятия",
+	"Rename this session": "Переименовать занятие",
+	"Rename session": "Переименовать занятие",
+	"Open the full plan": "Открыть полный план",
+	"Plan": "План",
+	"Practice": "Практика",
+	"New session": "Новое занятие",
+	"The teacher will open by probing what you already know.": "Преподаватель начнёт с проверки того, что вы уже знаете.",
+	"Next problem": "Следующая задача",
+	"You": "Вы",
+	"Retrying…": "Повторная попытка…",
+	"Compacting context": "Сжатие контекста",
+	"COMPACTING CONTEXT…": "СЖАТИЕ КОНТЕКСТА…",
+	"THINKING…": "РАЗМЫШЛЯЮ…",
+	"Something went wrong:": "Произошла ошибка:",
+	"Set up your models": "Настройте модели",
+	"Ask anything, or press Enter for the next one.": "Задайте вопрос или нажмите Enter для следующей задачи.",
+	"Context compacted": "Контекст сжат",
+	" · {v0}k tok": " · {v0} тыс. токенов",
+	"History compacted": "История сжата",
+	"{v0} {v1} selected": "Выбрано узлов: {v0}",
+	"Pick nodes": "Выбрать узлы",
+	"Ask, answer, or steer the lesson…": "Спросите, ответьте или задайте направление занятия…",
+	"Stop": "Остановить",
+	"Send": "Отправить",
+	"An extraction is running — try again when the activity dock drains.": "Идёт извлечение знаний — дождитесь завершения процессов на панели активности.",
+	"Delete node": "Удалить узел",
+	"Delete node?": "Удалить узел?",
+	"Delete {v0} nodes?": "Удалить узлы ({v0})?",
+	", and {v0} more": ", и ещё {v0}",
+	"This permanently deletes the node — this cannot be undone.": "Узел будет удалён безвозвратно. Отменить это действие нельзя.",
+	"This permanently deletes all {v0} nodes — this cannot be undone.": "Все выбранные узлы ({v0}) будут удалены безвозвратно. Отменить это действие нельзя.",
+	"Try again": "Повторить попытку",
+	"Deleting…": "Удаление…",
+	"Delete failed — network error. Try again.": "Не удалось удалить: ошибка сети. Повторите попытку.",
+	"Also remove its graph traces": "Также удалить следы занятия из графа",
+	"This session’s topics, links, and events leave the graph too. Topics other sessions or imported notes also cover survive; topics only this session created are removed entirely.": "Темы, связи и события этого занятия тоже будут удалены из графа. Темы, встречающиеся в других занятиях или импортированных заметках, сохранятся; темы, созданные только этим занятием, будут удалены полностью.",
+	"Delete session": "Удалить занятие",
+	"Delete session?": "Удалить занятие?",
+	"This permanently removes the session — its messages, background jobs, and extraction records. Everything it added to the graph stays unless you check below. This cannot be undone.": "Занятие будет удалено безвозвратно вместе с сообщениями, фоновыми задачами и записями об извлечении знаний. Всё, что оно добавило в граф, сохранится, если не отметить пункт ниже. Отменить это действие нельзя.",
+	"Dictation needs a Deepgram key": "Для диктовки нужен ключ Deepgram",
+	"Deepgram reconnect failed": "Не удалось восстановить соединение с Deepgram",
+	"Deepgram connection lost ({v0})": "Соединение с Deepgram потеряно ({v0})",
+	"Microphone permission denied": "Доступ к микрофону запрещён",
+	"mic unavailable": "микрофон недоступен",
+	"token unavailable": "токен недоступен",
+	"Dictation failed: {v0}": "Ошибка диктовки: {v0}",
+	"Start dictation": "Начать диктовку",
+	"Stop dictation (Esc)": "Остановить диктовку (Esc)",
+	"Stop dictation": "Остановить диктовку",
+	"extracting…": "извлечение знаний…",
+	"fully extracted": "всё извлечено",
+	"tok uncovered": "токенов не обработано",
+	"Running": "Выполняется",
+	"Extract": "Извлечь знания",
+	"How much of this session isn't mapped yet": "Какая часть занятия ещё не отражена в графе",
+	"Extraction coverage": "Полнота извлечения знаний",
+	"Uncovered": "Не обработано",
+	"Covered": "Обработано",
+	"Messages": "Сообщения",
+	"Chunk threshold": "Порог фрагмента",
+	"Last extraction": "Последнее извлечение",
+	"Status": "Состояние",
+	"Graph context": "Контекст графа",
+	"{v0}k": "{v0} тыс.",
+	"{v0}M": "{v0} млн",
+	"{v0}m": "{v0} мин",
+	"{v0}h": "{v0} ч",
+	"{v0}d": "{v0} дн.",
+	"Graph costs — click for details": "Стоимость графа — нажмите для подробностей",
+	"Extraction": "Извлечение знаний",
+	"Audit": "Проверка",
+	"Graph pipeline costs": "Затраты на обработку графа",
+	"in /": "вход /",
+	" +1 unpriced": " +1 без цены",
+	"Graph display settings": "Настройки отображения графа",
+	"Node size": "Размер узлов",
+	"Edge width": "Толщина связей",
+	"Arrowhead size": "Размер стрелок",
+	"Label size": "Размер подписей",
+	"Labels until zoom": "Порог масштаба для подписей",
+	"Regions": "Области",
+	"Background colors": "Цвета фона",
+	"Dilation": "Расширение",
+	"Blur": "Размытие",
+	"Edge alpha": "Непрозрачность границ",
+	"Bitmap resolution": "Разрешение изображения",
+	"Cluster labels": "Подписи групп",
+	"Cluster label size": "Размер подписей групп",
+	"Physics": "Физика",
+	"Node repulsion": "Отталкивание узлов",
+	"Edge attraction": "Притяжение связей",
+	"Edge length": "Длина связей",
+	"Central pull": "Притяжение к центру",
+	"Cluster pull": "Притяжение к группе",
+	"Friction": "Трение",
+	"Depth anchor": "Ориентация по глубине",
+	"Off": "Выкл.",
+	"Vertical (up)": "По вертикали (вверх)",
+	"Radial (outward)": "По радиусу (наружу)",
+	"Depth strength": "Сила разделения по глубине",
+	"Depth spacing": "Расстояние по глубине",
+	"Base ring radius": "Радиус базового кольца",
+	"No matching nodes.": "Подходящих узлов нет.",
+	"Every reasoning chain": "Все цепочки рассуждений",
+	"Chains": "Цепочки",
+	"Import notes into the graph": "Импортировать заметки в граф",
+	"Importing…": "Импорт…",
+	"Import notes…": "Импортировать заметки…",
+	"Knowledge graph": "Граф знаний",
+	"Start a session or import notes to build your graph.": "Начните занятие или импортируйте заметки, чтобы построить граф.",
+	"Sessions": "Занятия",
+	"No sessions recorded.": "Занятий пока нет.",
+	"What do you want to practice?": "Что вы хотите попрактиковать?",
+	"What do you want to learn?": "Что вы хотите изучить?",
+	"Start session": "Начать занятие",
+	"Teach": "Обучение",
+	"A teacher agent with a memory — sessions, quizzes, and a knowledge graph of what you know.": "Преподаватель с памятью: занятия, проверочные вопросы и граф ваших знаний.",
+	"Could not load language settings": "Не удалось загрузить языковые настройки",
+	"Could not save language settings": "Не удалось сохранить языковые настройки",
+	"Interface language": "Язык интерфейса",
+	"Speech recognition language": "Язык распознавания речи",
+	"Auto": "Авто",
+	"System default": "Язык системы",
+	"Global": "Общие",
+	"Chat": "Занятие",
+	"Graph view": "Граф",
+	"Keyboard shortcuts": "Сочетания клавиш",
+	"Esc to close": "Esc — закрыть",
+	"Copy diagram source": "Копировать исходный код диаграммы",
+	"Open full-screen": "Открыть на весь экран",
+	"Expand diagram": "Развернуть диаграмму",
+	"Copy code": "Копировать код",
+	"Copy table": "Копировать таблицу",
+	"Copy equation source": "Копировать исходный код формулы",
+	"Diagram failed to render": "Не удалось отобразить диаграмму",
+	"Show diagram source": "Показать исходный код диаграммы",
+	"Retry": "Повторить",
+	"teaching session": "учебное занятие",
+	"teaching sessions": "учебные занятия",
+	"practice session": "практическое занятие",
+	"practice sessions": "практические занятия",
+	"imported note": "импортированная заметка",
+	"imported notes": "импортированные заметки",
+	"Nothing here yet — import notes to begin building the graph.": "Здесь пока пусто — импортируйте заметки, чтобы начать строить граф.",
+	"catalog request failed: {v0}": "не удалось загрузить каталог: {v0}",
+	"Could not reach the server — try again.": "Не удалось связаться с сервером — повторите попытку.",
+	"Model selector": "Выбор модели",
+	"No models — add a provider key in Keys": "Моделей нет — добавьте ключ провайдера в настройках провайдеров",
+	"This session's model": "Модель этого занятия",
+	"Strong tier — the default for new sessions": "Основная модель — по умолчанию для новых занятий",
+	"{v0} has no thinking levels.": "Модель {v0} не поддерживает уровни рассуждения.",
+	"Pick a model first.": "Сначала выберите модель.",
+	"Loading…": "Загрузка…",
+	"Levels this model actually supports": "Уровни, поддерживаемые этой моделью",
+	"New practice session": "Новое практическое занятие",
+	"Pick nodes from your knowledge graph, describe what you want to practice, or bring your own problem.": "Выберите узлы графа знаний, опишите, что хотите попрактиковать, или предложите свою задачу.",
+	"Invalid import response. Please retry the file.": "Некорректный ответ на запрос импорта. Попробуйте импортировать файл ещё раз.",
+	"Import request failed (HTTP {v0}){v1}. Please retry the file.": "Ошибка импорта (HTTP {v0}){v1}. Попробуйте импортировать файл ещё раз.",
+	"Probing": "Диагностика",
+	"Planning": "Планирование",
+	"Teaching": "Обучение",
+	"Plan · {v0} node{v1}": "План · узлов: {v0}",
+	"Plan diagram": "Диаграмма плана",
+	"The full plan": "Полный план",
+	"The plan": "План",
+	"live — statuses derive from your check outcomes": "обновляется — состояния определяются результатами ваших проверок",
+	"Close": "Закрыть",
+	"Drag to pan · scroll to zoom": "Перетаскивание — перемещение · прокрутка — масштаб",
+	"Zoom out": "Уменьшить масштаб",
+	"Fit plan to screen": "Вписать план в экран",
+	"Zoom in": "Увеличить масштаб",
+	"No plan in this session yet.": "В этом занятии пока нет плана.",
+	"Problem": "Задача",
+	"Solved": "Решено",
+	"Solved with hints": "Решено с подсказками",
+	"Moved on": "Переход дальше",
+	"Surrendered": "Решение запрошено",
+	"Dismissed": "Пропущено",
+	"Problem dismissed.": "Задача пропущена.",
+	"Concluded": "Завершено",
+	"Model solution": "Образец решения",
+	"Metadata": "Метаданные",
+	"Mode": "Режим",
+	"Targets": "Цели",
+	"Outcome": "Результат",
+	"Hint rung": "Уровень подсказки",
+	"Miss class": "Тип ошибки",
+	"Retest": "Повторная проверка",
+	"Work here, think out loud.": "Решайте здесь и записывайте ход мыслей.",
+	"compacting session…": "сжатие контекста занятия…",
+	"↵ submits · ⇧↵ newline": "↵ — отправить · ⇧↵ — новая строка",
+	"Submit thinking": "Отправить рассуждения",
+	"This question arrived malformed — the transcript keeps the retry.": "Вопрос поступил с ошибкой формата — повторная попытка сохранена в истории.",
+	"Check your understanding": "Проверьте понимание",
+	"Open": "Открыть",
+	"Answer": "Ответить",
+	"I don't know": "Не знаю",
+	"Type your own answer…": "Введите свой вариант ответа…",
+	"Confidence": "Уверенность",
+	"Confidence — the probability your selected answer is correct": "Уверенность — вероятность того, что выбранный ответ верен",
+	"{v0} percent": "{v0} процентов",
+	"The probability your selected answer is correct — 50% is a coin flip. Adjust with ←/→.": "Вероятность того, что выбранный ответ верен. 50% — как подбросить монету. Меняйте значение клавишами ←/→.",
+	"Your answer": "Ваш ответ",
+	"Type your answer…": "Введите ответ…",
+	"Why this answer? Whatever comes to mind.": "Почему вы так ответили? Запишите, что приходит в голову.",
+	"Submit answer": "Отправить ответ",
+	"Thinking while reading": "Размышления при чтении",
+	"Whatever comes to mind as you read.": "Записывайте всё, что приходит в голову во время чтения.",
+	"Aborted": "Прервано",
+	"The turn stream body is empty.": "Поток ответа пуст.",
+	"A turn is already running — try again in a moment.": "Ответ уже формируется — попробуйте чуть позже.",
+	"The dismissal failed ({v0}).": "Не удалось пропустить ({v0}).",
+	"Session Find": "Поиск по занятию",
+	"Find in session": "Найти в занятии",
+	"Find in session…": "Найти в занятии…",
+	"Previous match": "Предыдущее совпадение",
+	"Previous match (Shift+Enter)": "Предыдущее совпадение (Shift+Enter)",
+	"Next match": "Следующее совпадение",
+	"Next match (Enter)": "Следующее совпадение (Enter)",
+	"Close Find": "Закрыть поиск",
+	"Close Find (Esc)": "Закрыть поиск (Esc)",
+	"Diagram focus": "Просмотр диаграммы",
+	"Diagram": "Диаграмма",
+	"from this lesson": "из этого занятия",
+	"Fit diagram to view": "Вписать диаграмму в окно",
+	"Rendering diagram…": "Построение диаграммы…",
+	"Strong": "Основная",
+	"The main model for your sessions": "Основная модель для ваших занятий",
+	"Cheap": "Экономичная",
+	"The assistants that research, build demos, and grade your work": "Помощники для исследований, демонстраций и проверки вашей работы",
+	"Vision": "С поддержкой изображений",
+	"The assistants that draw and read PDFs": "Помощники для создания иллюстраций и чтения PDF",
+	"Your version is in use": "Используется ваша версия",
+	"Teacher": "Преподаватель",
+	"Prober": "Агент диагностики",
+	"Shared": "Общие",
+	"Used by both agents": "Используется обоими агентами",
+	"Catalog unavailable": "Каталог недоступен",
+	"Save failed: {v0}": "Не удалось сохранить: {v0}",
+	"Saved": "Сохранено",
+	"Delete failed: {v0}": "Не удалось удалить: {v0}",
+	"Deleted": "Удалено",
+	"✓ key": "✓ ключ есть",
+	"· no key": "· нет ключа",
+	"prompt {v0}": "инструкции {v0}",
+	"Hide text": "Скрыть текст",
+	"Show text": "Показать текст",
+	"Source": "Исходный текст",
+	"The original instructions": "Исходные инструкции",
+	"Override": "Своя версия",
+	"Your version of the instructions": "Ваша версия инструкций",
+	"Add your own instructions…": "Добавьте свои инструкции…",
+	"Save": "Сохранить",
+	"Models": "Модели",
+	"{v0} model": "Модель: {v0}",
+	"{v0} thinking": "Уровень рассуждения: {v0}",
+	"Runs every agent of this tier": "Используется всеми агентами этого уровня",
+	"Tools": "Инструменты",
+	"Graph tools": "Инструменты графа",
+	"Lets the tutor consult your knowledge map between sessions": "Позволяет преподавателю обращаться к вашей карте знаний между занятиями",
+	"Graph is disabled": "Граф отключён",
+	"graph tools": "инструменты графа",
+	"Quizzing": "Проверка понимания",
+	"How both tutors check your understanding": "Как оба преподавателя проверяют ваше понимание",
+	"Quizzing mechanics": "Механика проверок",
+	"Multiple choice": "Выбор варианта",
+	"Free recall": "Воспроизведение без подсказок",
+	"Tool · {v0}": "Инструмент · {v0}",
+	"tool {v0}": "инструмент {v0}",
+	"Search engine": "Поисковая система",
+	"Automatic": "Автоматически",
+	"Compaction threshold": "Порог сжатия контекста",
+	"{v0} tok": "{v0} токенов",
+	"compaction threshold": "порог сжатия контекста",
+	"System prompts": "Системные инструкции",
+	"Loading prompt segments…": "Загрузка разделов инструкций…",
+	"Coming soon": "Скоро появится",
+	"Dark": "Тёмная",
+	"Background": "Фон",
+	"Empty = {v0}": "Пусто = {v0}",
+	"background hex": "цвет фона в HEX",
+	"Reading font": "Шрифт текста",
+	"Choose from your installed fonts": "Выберите из установленных шрифтов",
+	"Common families — installed fonts could not be read": "Стандартные шрифты — не удалось прочитать список установленных",
+	"Common families — your installed list needs the desktop app": "Стандартные шрифты — список установленных доступен в настольном приложении",
+	"Your installed fonts": "Установленные шрифты",
+	"Reading font size": "Размер текста",
+	"prose font size": "размер текста",
+	"Session names in serif": "Названия занятий шрифтом с засечками",
+	"session names serif": "названия занятий с засечками",
+	"Heading weight": "Насыщенность заголовков",
+	"heading weight": "насыщенность заголовков",
+	"Bold color": "Цвет жирного текста",
+	"Empty = same as text": "Пусто = цвет основного текста",
+	"same as text": "цвет основного текста",
+	"bold color": "цвет жирного текста",
+	"Italic color": "Цвет курсива",
+	"italic color": "цвет курсива",
+	"Off = the graph stops growing": "Выкл. — граф перестанет пополняться",
+	"extraction enabled": "извлечение знаний включено",
+	"Graph rendering": "Отображение графа",
+	"Off = home shows the chains view": "Выкл. — на главной отображаются цепочки",
+	"graph rendering enabled": "отображение графа включено",
+	"Extraction chunk budget": "Размер фрагмента для извлечения знаний",
+	"extraction chunk budget": "размер фрагмента для извлечения знаний",
+	"LearnHarness stores your ChatGPT account details and credentials in an unencrypted local file on this device. When this connection is used, relevant conversation context, learning material, and tool results are sent directly to OpenAI. ChatGPT plan limits apply; any additional credits are authorized and managed in ChatGPT, not LearnHarness.": "LearnHarness сохраняет данные вашей учётной записи ChatGPT и учётные данные для входа в незашифрованном локальном файле на этом устройстве. При использовании подключения соответствующий контекст разговора, учебные материалы и результаты инструментов отправляются напрямую в OpenAI. Действуют ограничения тарифа ChatGPT; разрешения на использование дополнительных кредитов и управление ими выполняются в ChatGPT.",
+	"Background work counts toward your ChatGPT plan usage.": "Фоновая работа расходует лимиты вашего тарифа ChatGPT.",
+	"Allow background use for all ChatGPT accounts": "Разрешить фоновое использование для всех учётных записей ChatGPT",
+	"Account disconnected locally. Remote revocation could not be confirmed.": "Учётная запись отключена на этом устройстве. Подтвердить отзыв доступа на стороне сервиса не удалось.",
+	"Disconnect account?": "Отключить учётную запись?",
+	"This removes the saved account and its credentials from this device.": "Сохранённая учётная запись и данные для входа будут удалены с этого устройства.",
+	"The ChatGPT connection could not be changed. Try again.": "Не удалось изменить подключение ChatGPT. Повторите попытку.",
+	"The desktop connection is unavailable. Retry when the app is ready.": "Подключение настольного приложения недоступно. Повторите попытку, когда приложение будет готово.",
+	"Disconnect account": "Отключить учётную запись",
+	"Saved ChatGPT account": "Сохранённая учётная запись ChatGPT",
+	"Add another account or workspace": "Добавить другую учётную запись или рабочее пространство",
+	"Manage…": "Управление…",
+	"OpenAI privacy": "Конфиденциальность OpenAI",
+	"Manage usage": "Использование лимитов",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in is available only in the desktop app. API-key connections remain available here.": "Вход в ChatGPT доступен только в настольном приложении. Подключение через API-ключ доступно и здесь.",
+	"Waiting for browser sign-in…": "Ожидание входа через браузер…",
+	"Manage ChatGPT account": "Управление учётной записью ChatGPT",
+	"Add accounts": "Добавить учётные записи",
+	"Disconnect": "Отключить",
+	"Sign in again": "Войти снова",
+	"Continue with ChatGPT": "Продолжить с ChatGPT",
+	"ChatGPT account": "Учётная запись ChatGPT",
+	"Connect": "Подключить",
+	"Enable background use": "Разрешить фоновое использование",
+	"Graph": "Граф",
+	"Fixed — part of this screen": "Не изменяется — часть этого экрана",
+	"Press keys…": "Нажмите клавиши…",
+	"Rebind": "Изменить сочетание",
+	"Reset": "Сбросить",
+	"Stored on this device (lh:keymap) — overrides only.": "На этом устройстве (lh:keymap) хранятся только изменённые сочетания.",
+	"Reset all to defaults": "Сбросить все сочетания",
+	"not set": "не задан",
+	" · env": " · из окружения",
+	"Paste key…": "Вставьте ключ…",
+	"{v0} key": "Ключ {v0}",
+	"key ↗": "ключ ↗",
+	"+ Add provider key": "+ Добавить ключ провайдера",
+	"Loading keys…": "Загрузка ключей…",
+	"Model API keys": "API-ключи моделей",
+	"Subscriptions": "Подписки",
+	"Dictation": "Диктовка",
+	"Search": "Поиск",
+	"Search models…": "Поиск моделей…",
+	"Loading models…": "Загрузка моделей…",
+	"No models match.": "Подходящих моделей нет.",
+	"Subscription connection": "Подключение по подписке",
+	"USD per 1M tokens in/out": "USD за 1 млн входных/выходных токенов",
+	"{v0} (subscription)": "{v0} (подписка)",
+	"Search providers…": "Поиск провайдеров…",
+	"No providers match.": "Подходящих провайдеров нет.",
+	"Search fonts…": "Поиск шрифтов…",
+	"Loading fonts…": "Загрузка шрифтов…",
+	"Use “": "Использовать «",
+	"Providers": "Провайдеры",
+	"Agent": "Агент",
+	"Appearance": "Оформление",
+	"Keyboard": "Клавиатура",
+	"Stored on this device": "Хранится на этом устройстве",
+	"General": "Общие",
+	"Automatic updates arrive in an upcoming release": "Автоматические обновления появятся в одном из следующих выпусков",
+	"status {v0}": "статус {v0}",
+	"Settings": "Настройки",
+	"Close settings": "Закрыть настройки",
+	"Settings sections": "Разделы настроек",
+	"Loading settings…": "Загрузка настроек…",
+	"Settings could not be loaded — refresh to retry.": "Не удалось загрузить настройки — обновите страницу и повторите попытку.",
+	"Auto-update": "Автообновление",
+	"auto update": "автообновление",
+	"Pi's native Copilot sign-in may enable additional models whose policy is not yet configured. Models explicitly disabled by policy are not enabled. Organization restrictions still apply.": "Вход в Copilot через Pi может открыть доступ к дополнительным моделям, для которых политика ещё не настроена. Модели, явно отключённые политикой, не включаются. Ограничения организации продолжают действовать.",
+	"Allow LearnHarness helper agents and automatic follow-ups to use this connection.": "Разрешить вспомогательным агентам LearnHarness и автоматическим продолжениям использовать это подключение.",
+	"Your prompts, tool results, and relevant session context are sent to {v0} to run the work you select. Credentials are stored locally in an owner-only plaintext file. Provider terms, data-use policies, and plan limits apply. This connection never falls back to an API key.": "Для выполнения выбранных вами действий ваши запросы, результаты инструментов и соответствующий контекст занятия отправляются провайдеру {v0}. Данные для входа хранятся локально в текстовом файле, доступном только владельцу. Действуют условия провайдера, политика использования данных и ограничения тарифа. Это подключение никогда не переключается на API-ключ.",
+	"Disconnect {v0} from LearnHarness? This stops work using this connection and removes its saved credentials from this device. It does not cancel your subscription or revoke access at the provider. Saved model choices will remain unavailable until you reconnect or change them.": "Отключить {v0} от LearnHarness? Работа через это подключение будет остановлена, а сохранённые данные для входа удалены с устройства. Подписка не отменится, и доступ на стороне провайдера не будет отозван. Сохранённые модели будут недоступны, пока вы не восстановите подключение или не выберете другие.",
+	"The connection could not be changed. Try again.": "Не удалось изменить подключение. Повторите попытку.",
+	"Sign-in did not complete. Try connecting again.": "Вход не завершён. Попробуйте подключиться снова.",
+	"{v0} connection": "Подключение {v0}",
+	"Allow background use": "Разрешить фоновое использование",
+	"Subscription sign-in requires the desktop app's private server connection. API-key connections remain available here.": "Вход по подписке требует защищённого подключения к серверу настольного приложения. Подключение через API-ключ доступно и здесь.",
+	"Device code:": "Код устройства:",
+	"The browser could not be opened. Try again.": "Не удалось открыть браузер. Повторите попытку.",
+	"Open browser": "Открыть браузер",
+	"Select…": "Выберите…",
+	"Continue": "Продолжить",
+	"Add a provider key": "Добавить ключ провайдера",
+	"Prober, teacher": "Агент диагностики, преподаватель",
+	"Researcher, demo builder, extractor, auditor": "Исследователь, создатель демонстраций, извлечение знаний, проверка",
+	"Visual maker + PDF reader": "Создание иллюстраций и чтение PDF",
+	"Choose your AI provider and paste its API key. You’ll pick your models next.": "Выберите провайдера ИИ и вставьте его API-ключ. Затем вы выберете модели.",
+	"Provider": "Провайдер",
+	"Pick a provider…": "Выберите провайдера…",
+	"Saving…": "Сохранение…",
+	"Save key": "Сохранить ключ",
+	"Save failed. Check your connection and try again.": "Не удалось сохранить. Проверьте подключение и повторите попытку.",
+	"Close setup": "Закрыть настройку",
+	"Model catalog could not be loaded. Check the connection and retry.": "Не удалось загрузить каталог моделей. Проверьте подключение и повторите попытку.",
+	"Pick the model for each tier. All three are required before chats can start.": "Выберите модель для каждого уровня. Все три нужны, чтобы начать занятие.",
+	"Pick a model…": "Выберите модель…",
+	"No image-capable models. Add a provider key with access to a vision model.": "Нет моделей с поддержкой изображений. Добавьте ключ провайдера с доступом к такой модели.",
+	"Save models": "Сохранить модели",
+	"Open sidebar": "Открыть боковую панель",
+	"just now": "только что",
+	"{v0}m ago": "{v0} мин назад",
+	"{v0}h ago": "{v0} ч назад",
+	"{v0}d ago": "{v0} дн. назад",
+	"Compacting context · {v0}": "Сжатие контекста · {v0}",
+	"Waiting for input · {v0}": "Ожидание ввода · {v0}",
+	"Problem waiting · {v0}": "Ожидание решения · {v0}",
+	"Working…": "Выполняется…",
+	"Practice session": "Практическое занятие",
+	"Home": "Главная",
+	"Close sidebar": "Закрыть боковую панель",
+	"create a new teaching session": "создать учебное занятие",
+	"create a new practice session": "создать практическое занятие",
+	"Search sessions": "Поиск занятий",
+	"Search…": "Поиск…",
+	"All": "Все",
+	"No sessions match.": "Подходящих занятий нет.",
+	"No sessions yet.": "Занятий пока нет.",
+	"Rename": "Переименовать",
+	"Export as Markdown…": "Экспорт в Markdown…",
+	"Delete…": "Удалить…",
+	"Session stats": "Статистика занятия",
+	"Context (last call)": "Контекст (последний запрос)",
+	"Usage": "Использование",
+	"Total cost": "Общая стоимость",
+	"Manage ChatGPT usage": "Лимиты ChatGPT",
+	"Unpriced turns": "Запросы без цены",
+	"Turns": "Запросы",
+	"is ready": "готова к установке",
+	"— restart to finish installing.": "— перезапустите приложение, чтобы завершить установку.",
+	"Restart": "Перезапустить",
+	"Toggle dictation": "Включить или остановить диктовку",
+	"Open settings": "Открыть настройки",
+	"Cycle thinking level": "Следующий уровень рассуждения",
+	"Toggle sessions sidebar": "Показать или скрыть список занятий",
+	"Toggle all your thinking": "Показать или скрыть все ваши рассуждения",
+	"Find": "Найти",
+	"Shortcut cheat sheet": "Справка по сочетаниям клавиш",
+	"Question · focus thinking ↔ rows": "Вопрос · переключить фокус между рассуждениями и вариантами",
+	"Question · next row": "Вопрос · следующий вариант",
+	"Question · previous row": "Вопрос · предыдущий вариант",
+	"Question · pick row": "Вопрос · выбрать вариант",
+	"Question · submit": "Вопрос · отправить ответ",
+	"Space": "Пробел",
+	"Speech-to-text key for dictation — needs ≥ Member permission in the Deepgram console to mint tokens.": "Ключ распознавания речи для диктовки. Для выпуска токенов нужны права уровня Member или выше в консоли Deepgram.",
+	"Web-search engine for the researcher sub-agent (AI-native search API). Setting the key activates it — no engine toggle needed.": "Поисковая система для агента-исследователя (поисковый API для ИИ). Добавление ключа включает её автоматически.",
+	"Web-search engine for the researcher sub-agent — the alternative to Tavily. Setting the key activates it.": "Поисковая система для агента-исследователя — альтернатива Tavily. Добавление ключа включает её автоматически.",
+	"{v0} must be at least {v1} characters with no whitespace": "Ключ {v0} должен содержать не менее {v1} символов без пробелов",
+	"{v0} must start with \"tvly-\" (Tavily's key format)": "Ключ {v0} должен начинаться с «tvly-» (формат ключей Tavily)",
+	"unknown key \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})": "Неизвестный ключ «{v0}» (поддерживаются: {v1})",
+	"{v0} must be at least 12 characters with no whitespace": "Ключ {v0} должен содержать не менее 12 символов без пробелов",
+	"Dictate": "Диктовать",
+	"of": "из",
+	"correct": "верно",
+	"incorrect": "неверно",
+	"failed": "ошибка",
+	"complete": "завершено",
+	"sources": "источников",
+	"unlabeled": "без названия",
+	"notes": "заметки",
+	"tokens": "токенов",
+	"unpriced": "цена неизвестна",
+	"out": "выход",
+	"steps": "шагов",
+	"custom": "свой вариант",
+	"needed": "нужно выбрать",
+	"now": "сейчас",
+	"starting": "запуск",
+	"done": "готово",
+	"queued": "в очереди",
+	"running": "выполняется",
+	"extracting": "извлечение знаний",
+	"auditing": "проверка",
+	"merging": "объединение",
+	"delivery failed": "ошибка доставки",
+	"waiting": "ожидание",
+	"waiting for a slot": "ожидание свободного места",
+	"building demo": "создание демонстрации",
+	"rendering figure": "создание иллюстрации",
+	"reading PDF": "чтение PDF",
+	"final verification": "финальная проверка",
+	"off": "выкл.",
+	"minimal": "минимальный",
+	"low": "низкий",
+	"medium": "средний",
+	"high": "высокий",
+	"xhigh": "очень высокий",
+	"max": "максимальный",
+	"No thinking levels.": "Уровни рассуждения недоступны.",
+	"Learner": "Учащийся",
+	"Quiz": "Проверка",
+	"Recall check": "Проверка воспроизведения по памяти",
+	"(no question text)": "(текст вопроса отсутствует)",
+	"The learner skipped this check.": "Проверка пропущена.",
+	"The learner did not know.": "Ответ «Не знаю».",
+	"The learner answered correctly.": "Учащийся ответил верно.",
+	"The learner answered incorrectly.": "Учащийся ответил неверно.",
+	"The learner answered in their own words: {answer}": "Ответ своими словами: {answer}",
+	"The learner answered in his own words: {answer}": "Ответ своими словами: {answer}",
+	"Their thinking: {thinking}": "Ход рассуждений: {thinking}",
+	"his thinking: {thinking}": "Ход рассуждений: {thinking}",
+	"(no statement)": "(условие отсутствует)",
+	"The learner skipped this problem.": "Задача пропущена.",
+	"The learner answered: {answer}": "Ответ: {answer}",
+	"The learner chose: {answer}": "Выбранные варианты: {answer}",
+	"The learner skipped this question.": "Вопрос пропущен.",
+	"Q:": "Вопрос:",
+	"Tool": "Инструмент",
+	"{tool} result delivered": "Результат инструмента {tool} получен",
+	"No model configured — set up your models first": "Модель не выбрана — сначала настройте модели",
+	"No {v0} key is set — add one in Settings → Keys": "Ключ {v0} не задан — добавьте его в разделе Настройки → Провайдеры",
+	"Unknown chat": "Занятие не найдено",
+	"Invalid JSON body": "Некорректное тело JSON",
+	"Failed to fetch": "Не удалось выполнить запрос",
+	"Network error": "Ошибка сети",
+	"Network error. Try again.": "Ошибка сети. Повторите попытку.",
+	"Failed to attach to the running turn.": "Не удалось подключиться к текущему ответу.",
+	"The send failed ({v0}).": "Не удалось отправить ({v0}).",
+	"The steer failed ({v0}).": "Не удалось передать указание ({v0}).",
+	"Save failed ({v0})": "Не удалось сохранить ({v0})",
+	"Delete failed ({v0})": "Не удалось удалить ({v0})",
+	"settings rejected ({v0})": "Настройки отклонены ({v0})",
+	"A turn is already running for this session": "Ответ для этого занятия уже формируется",
+	"This file is already being imported. Try again when it finishes.": "Этот файл уже импортируется. Дождитесь завершения и повторите попытку.",
+	"Notes import did not complete": "Импорт заметок не завершён",
+	"Deepgram grant returned no token": "Deepgram не вернул токен",
+	"Deepgram unreachable": "Deepgram недоступен",
+	"Deepgram token grant failed ({v0}): {v1}": "Не удалось получить токен Deepgram ({v0}): {v1}",
+	"token route {v0}": "Ошибка получения токена ({v0})",
+	"No files": "Файлы не выбраны",
+	"Empty title": "Название не может быть пустым",
+	"Title must not be empty": "Название не может быть пустым",
+	"Copied": "Скопировано",
+	"Copy": "Копировать",
+	"Download": "Скачать",
+	"No results": "Ничего не найдено",
+	"Select": "Выбрать",
+	"Previous": "Назад",
+	"Next": "Вперёд",
+	"Untitled session": "Занятие без названия",
+	"{count} messages unextracted": {
+		"one": "{count} сообщение не обработано",
+		"few": "{count} сообщения не обработаны",
+		"many": "{count} сообщений не обработано",
+		"other": "{count} сообщения не обработано"
+	},
+	"· read {count} pages": {
+		"one": "· прочитана {count} страница",
+		"few": "· прочитаны {count} страницы",
+		"many": "· прочитано {count} страниц",
+		"other": "· прочитано {count} страницы"
+	},
+	"{count} sources": {
+		"one": "{count} источник",
+		"few": "{count} источника",
+		"many": "{count} источников",
+		"other": "{count} источника"
+	},
+	"{count} propositions": {
+		"one": "{count} утверждение",
+		"few": "{count} утверждения",
+		"many": "{count} утверждений",
+		"other": "{count} утверждения"
+	},
+	"{count} chains": {
+		"one": "{count} цепочка",
+		"few": "{count} цепочки",
+		"many": "{count} цепочек",
+		"other": "{count} цепочки"
+	},
+	"{count} teaching sessions": {
+		"one": "{count} учебное занятие",
+		"few": "{count} учебных занятия",
+		"many": "{count} учебных занятий",
+		"other": "{count} учебного занятия"
+	},
+	"{count} practice sessions": {
+		"one": "{count} практическое занятие",
+		"few": "{count} практических занятия",
+		"many": "{count} практических занятий",
+		"other": "{count} практического занятия"
+	},
+	"{count} imported notes": {
+		"one": "{count} импортированная заметка",
+		"few": "{count} импортированные заметки",
+		"many": "{count} импортированных заметок",
+		"other": "{count} импортированной заметки"
+	},
+	"Copy Code": "Копировать код",
+	"Download file": "Скачать файл",
+	"Download diagram": "Скачать диаграмму",
+	"Download diagram as SVG": "Скачать диаграмму в формате SVG",
+	"Download diagram as PNG": "Скачать диаграмму в формате PNG",
+	"Download diagram as MMD": "Скачать диаграмму в формате MMD",
+	"View fullscreen": "Открыть на весь экран",
+	"Exit fullscreen": "Выйти из полноэкранного режима",
+	"Copy table as Markdown": "Копировать таблицу в формате Markdown",
+	"Copy table as CSV": "Копировать таблицу в формате CSV",
+	"Copy table as TSV": "Копировать таблицу в формате TSV",
+	"Download table": "Скачать таблицу",
+	"Download table as CSV": "Скачать таблицу в формате CSV",
+	"Download table as Markdown": "Скачать таблицу в формате Markdown",
+	"Image not available": "Изображение недоступно",
+	"Download image": "Скачать изображение",
+	"Open external link?": "Открыть внешнюю ссылку?",
+	"You're about to visit an external website.": "Вы собираетесь перейти на внешний сайт.",
+	"Copy link": "Копировать ссылку",
+	"Open link": "Открыть ссылку",
+	"Other": "Другой вариант",
+	"Light": "Светлая",
+	"delivered": "доставлено",
+	"No such session": "Такого занятия нет",
+	"A turn is running in this session — try again when it finishes": "В этом занятии формируется ответ — дождитесь завершения и повторите попытку",
+	"Background jobs are still running in this session — try again when they finish": "В этом занятии ещё выполняются фоновые задачи — дождитесь их завершения",
+	"The session's extraction is still winding down — try again in a moment": "Извлечение знаний из занятия ещё завершается — попробуйте чуть позже",
+	"Not found": "Не найдено",
+	"title must be a non-empty string": "Название должно быть непустой строкой",
+	"unknown key \"{v0}\"": "Неизвестный ключ «{v0}»",
+	"body must be JSON": "Тело запроса должно быть в формате JSON",
+	"body must be {value: string}": "Тело запроса должно содержать строковое поле value",
+	"model must be {provider, id}": "Модель должна содержать поля provider и id",
+	"thinkingLevel must be a string": "Уровень рассуждения должен быть строкой",
+	"autoUpdate must be a boolean": "Параметр автообновления должен быть логическим значением",
+	"{v0} must be \"en\" or \"ru\"": "Параметр {v0} должен иметь значение «en» или «ru»",
+	"{v0} must be an object": "Параметр {v0} должен быть объектом",
+	"{v0}.model must be {provider, id}": "Поле {v0}.model должно содержать provider и id",
+	"{v0}.thinkingLevel must be a string": "Поле {v0}.thinkingLevel должно быть строкой",
+	"{v0}.{v1} must be a boolean": "Поле {v0}.{v1} должно быть логическим значением",
+	"models must be an object": "Поле models должно быть объектом",
+	"unknown role \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})": "Неизвестная роль «{v0}» (поддерживаются: {v1})",
+	"unknown tool \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})": "Неизвестный инструмент «{v0}» (поддерживаются: {v1})",
+	"search must be an object": "Поле search должно быть объектом",
+	"search.engine must be \"tavily\" or \"brave\"": "Поисковая система должна быть «tavily» или «brave»",
+	"graphTools must be an object": "Поле graphTools должно быть объектом",
+	"graphTools.enabled must be a boolean": "Поле graphTools.enabled должно быть логическим значением",
+	"{v0} must be a #hex color or null": "Поле {v0} должно содержать цвет в формате #hex или null",
+	"mode must be \"dark\" or \"light\"": "Режим должен быть «dark» или «light»",
+	"fontFamily must be a non-empty string or null": "Название шрифта должно быть непустой строкой или null",
+	"proseFontSize must be an integer between 12 and 24": "Размер текста должен быть целым числом от 12 до 24",
+	"sessionNameSerif must be a boolean": "Параметр шрифта названий занятий должен быть логическим значением",
+	"mdRendering must be an object": "Поле mdRendering должно быть объектом",
+	"mdRendering.headingWeight must be an integer between 100 and 900": "Насыщенность заголовков должна быть целым числом от 100 до 900",
+	"enabled must be a boolean": "Поле enabled должно быть логическим значением",
+	"rendering must be a boolean": "Поле rendering должно быть логическим значением",
+	"extractionChunkTokens must be a number": "Размер фрагмента для извлечения должен быть числом",
+	"extractionChunkTokens must be at least {v0} (smaller batches waste the per-run graph overhead)": "Размер фрагмента для извлечения должен быть не менее {v0} токенов (при меньшем размере накладные расходы слишком велики)",
+	"unknown slot \"{v0}\" (supported: {v1})": "Неизвестный уровень «{v0}» (поддерживаются: {v1})",
+	"slot \"{v0}\" must set a model (thinkingLevel alone cannot run — absent slot = unset)": "Для уровня «{v0}» необходимо выбрать модель: одного уровня рассуждения недостаточно",
+	"thresholdTokens must be a number": "Порог сжатия контекста должен быть числом",
+	"thresholdTokens must be at least {v0} (compaction keeps a ~20k-token recent tail — smaller budgets would churn it)": "Порог сжатия должен быть не менее {v0} токенов: сжатие сохраняет около 20 тысяч последних токенов",
+	"The tool call failed.": "Вызов инструмента завершился ошибкой.",
+	"Aborted by learner": "Прервано пользователем",
+	"starting research": "запуск исследования",
+	"starting demo": "запуск демонстрации",
+	"starting figure": "запуск создания иллюстрации",
+	"building visual": "создание иллюстрации",
+	"render_svg: inspecting final render": "render_svg: проверка итогового изображения",
+	"render_svg: inspecting render": "render_svg: проверка изображения",
+	"render_svg: render error": "render_svg: ошибка отрисовки",
+	"edit_svg: applied": "edit_svg: изменения применены",
+	"web_search: \"{v0}\"": "Поиск в интернете: «{v0}»",
+	"web_fetch: {v0}": "Загрузка страницы: {v0}",
+	"Stopping…": "Остановка…",
+	"The demo could not be built.": "Не удалось создать демонстрацию.",
+	"The figure could not be drawn.": "Не удалось создать иллюстрацию.",
+	"untagged": "без привязки",
+	"yes": "да",
+	"no": "нет",
+	"none": "нет",
+	" · select all that apply": " · выберите все подходящие варианты",
+	"recall": "воспроизведение по памяти",
+	"discrimination": "различение",
+	"composition": "составление решения",
+	"solved": "решено",
+	"solvedWithHints": "решено с подсказками",
+	"movedOn": "переход дальше",
+	"surrendered": "решение запрошено",
+	"dismissed": "пропущено",
+	"cue": "не хватает подсказки",
+	"execution": "ошибка выполнения",
+	"careless": "невнимательность",
+	"structural": "ошибка в понимании структуры",
+	"pending": "ожидание",
+	"consent": "подтверждение",
+	"proposition": "утверждение",
+	"propositions": "утверждения",
+	"node": "узел",
+	"nodes": "узлы",
+	"chain": "цепочка",
+	"chains": "цепочки",
+	" · {v0} sources": " · источников: {v0}",
+	"{v0}s elapsed": "прошло {v0} с",
+	"{count} nodes": {
+		"one": "{count} узел",
+		"few": "{count} узла",
+		"many": "{count} узлов",
+		"other": "{count} узла"
+	},
+	"The saved connection could not be read or written safely. Reopen the app or reconnect after resolving the credential-file problem.": "Не удалось безопасно прочитать или сохранить подключение. Устраните проблему с файлом учётных данных, затем откройте приложение заново или подключитесь повторно.",
+	"The connection could not be refreshed. Retry or reconnect in Providers.": "Не удалось обновить подключение. Повторите попытку или подключитесь заново в разделе «Провайдеры».",
+	"Sign-in cancelled.": "Вход отменён.",
+	"This subscription connection is unavailable. Reconnect or explicitly choose another connection.": "Это подключение по подписке недоступно. Подключитесь заново или выберите другое подключение.",
+	"Background use is off for this connection. Automatic follow-up remains deferred in its queue.": "Фоновое использование этого подключения отключено. Автоматическое продолжение остаётся в очереди.",
+	"The connection or model catalog changed. Select an available model and retry.": "Подключение или каталог моделей изменились. Выберите доступную модель и повторите попытку.",
+	"This sign-in action is no longer available.": "Это действие для входа больше недоступно.",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in cancelled.": "Вход в ChatGPT отменён.",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in timed out. Try again.": "Время ожидания входа в ChatGPT истекло. Повторите попытку.",
+	"ChatGPT credentials could not be read or saved. Check local file access, then reconnect before making requests.": "Не удалось прочитать или сохранить данные для входа в ChatGPT. Проверьте доступ к локальным файлам и подключитесь заново, прежде чем отправлять запросы.",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in could not be verified. Select the intended saved account and try again.": "Не удалось подтвердить вход в ChatGPT. Выберите нужную сохранённую учётную запись и повторите попытку.",
+	"ChatGPT plan permission is missing. Reconnect and authorize ChatGPT plan use.": "Нет разрешения на использование тарифа ChatGPT. Подключитесь заново и предоставьте разрешение.",
+	"This ChatGPT connection is disconnected. Reconnect in Providers.": "Подключение ChatGPT отключено. Подключитесь заново в разделе «Провайдеры».",
+	"ChatGPT background use is off in this app. Enable Allow background use for all ChatGPT accounts in Providers, or explicitly select an API-key model for that workload.": "Фоновое использование ChatGPT в приложении отключено. В разделе «Провайдеры» включите «Разрешить фоновое использование для всех учётных записей ChatGPT» или выберите для этой задачи модель с API-ключом.",
+	"The ChatGPT account model catalog is unavailable. Retry the connection; no API-key fallback was used.": "Каталог моделей учётной записи ChatGPT недоступен. Повторите подключение. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"The ChatGPT session expired. Reconnect in Providers.": "Сеанс ChatGPT истёк. Подключитесь заново в разделе «Провайдеры».",
+	"ChatGPT could not be reached. Check your connection and try again.": "Не удалось связаться с ChatGPT. Проверьте подключение и повторите попытку.",
+	"A ChatGPT sign-in is already pending.": "Вход в ChatGPT уже выполняется.",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in is unavailable in browser-only mode.": "Вход в ChatGPT недоступен в браузерной версии.",
+	"ChatGPT sign-in failed. Try again; no API-key fallback was used.": "Не удалось войти в ChatGPT. Повторите попытку. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"The selected model is unavailable.": "Выбранная модель недоступна.",
+	"ChatGPT plan usage limit reached. Manage usage at https://chatgpt.com/settings/usage. No API-key fallback was used.": "Достигнут лимит тарифа ChatGPT. Управление лимитами: https://chatgpt.com/settings/usage. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"ChatGPT plan permission is missing. Reconnect in Providers and authorize plan use. No API-key fallback was used.": "Нет разрешения на использование тарифа ChatGPT. Подключитесь заново в разделе «Провайдеры» и предоставьте разрешение. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"Your ChatGPT session expired. Reconnect in Providers. No API-key fallback was used.": "Сеанс ChatGPT истёк. Подключитесь заново в разделе «Провайдеры». Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"ChatGPT background use is off in this app. Enable Allow background use for all ChatGPT accounts in Providers to run this work. No API-key fallback was used.": "Фоновое использование ChatGPT отключено. Для выполнения этой работы включите «Разрешить фоновое использование для всех учётных записей ChatGPT» в разделе «Провайдеры». Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"This ChatGPT account or workspace does not permit this request. Check ChatGPT settings; reconnecting may not change eligibility.": "Эта учётная запись или рабочее пространство ChatGPT не допускает такой запрос. Проверьте настройки ChatGPT: повторное подключение может не изменить доступ.",
+	"ChatGPT request cancelled or connection closed. No API-key fallback was used.": "Запрос ChatGPT отменён или подключение закрыто. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"The selected model is unavailable for this ChatGPT account. Refresh Providers and explicitly choose an available model. No API-key fallback was used.": "Выбранная модель недоступна для этой учётной записи ChatGPT. Обновите раздел «Провайдеры» и выберите доступную модель. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"ChatGPT returned an incomplete response. Retry when ready; no API-key fallback was used.": "ChatGPT вернул неполный ответ. Повторите попытку, когда будете готовы. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"ChatGPT request failed. Check your connection and ChatGPT usage, then retry. No API-key fallback was used.": "Запрос ChatGPT завершился ошибкой. Проверьте подключение и лимиты ChatGPT, затем повторите попытку. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"{v0} background use is off in this app. Enable it in Providers to run this work. No API-key fallback was used.": "Фоновое использование {v0} отключено. Для выполнения этой работы включите его в разделе «Провайдеры». Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"{v0} usage limit reached. Check your provider account and try again later. No API-key fallback was used.": "Достигнут лимит использования {v0}. Проверьте учётную запись провайдера и повторите попытку позже. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"{v0} authorization could not be refreshed. Retry or reconnect in Providers. No API-key fallback was used.": "Не удалось обновить авторизацию {v0}. Повторите попытку или подключитесь заново в разделе «Провайдеры». Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"{v0} request cancelled or connection closed. No API-key fallback was used.": "Запрос {v0} отменён или подключение закрыто. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"The selected {v0} model or connection is unavailable. Refresh Providers and explicitly choose an available model. No API-key fallback was used.": "Выбранная модель или подключение {v0} недоступны. Обновите раздел «Провайдеры» и выберите доступную модель. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"{v0} request failed. Check the connection, account access and provider limits, then retry. No API-key fallback was used.": "Запрос {v0} завершился ошибкой. Проверьте подключение, доступ к учётной записи и лимиты провайдера, затем повторите попытку. Переключения на API-ключ не было.",
+	"GitHub Enterprise URL/domain (blank for github.com)": "URL или домен GitHub Enterprise (оставьте пустым для github.com)",
+	"Enabling models...": "Подключение моделей…",
+	"Waiting for authorization...": "Ожидание авторизации…",
+	"no search engine configured — set a Tavily or Brave search API key": "Поисковая система не настроена — добавьте API-ключ Tavily или Brave Search",
+	"search engine is set to \"{v0}\" but its API key is missing — set the {v1} key": "Выбрана поисковая система «{v0}», но её API-ключ отсутствует — добавьте ключ {v1}",
+	"search engine: {v0} (chosen)": "Поисковая система: {v0} (выбрана вручную)",
+	"search engine: {v0} (auto)": "Поисковая система: {v0} (автоматически)",
+	"update": "обновление"
+}

src/core/ports.ts

@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ import type { UserSettings } from "./settings.ts";
 // ─── ChatStore — the session record's home (data/chats) ─────────────────────
 
 export interface ChatStore {
+	/** Persist automatic language context without altering activity ordering. */
+	saveLanguage?(id: string, language: "en" | "ru"): void;
 	/** Create a session record (persisted immediately). */
 	/** Create a session record; kind "practice" marks a practice session
 	 *  (absent = teach, the default). */

src/core/session-markdown.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { translator, type Language } from "./i18n.ts";
 /**
  * Session → markdown — the ONE formatting engine (owner ruling 2026-09-27).
  *
@@ -76,7 +77,8 @@ function outcomeLabel(outcome: string): string {
 }
 
 /** One tool result's learner-visible outcome, rendered as body lines. */
-function toolResultBody(result: ToolResultMessage, ctx?: MarkdownContext): { heading: string; body: string[] } {
+function toolResultBody(result: ToolResultMessage, ctx?: MarkdownContext, language: Language = "en"): { heading: string; body: string[] } {
+	const t = translator(language);
 	const out = result.details as
 		| Partial<{
 				questionText: string;
@@ -98,28 +100,28 @@ function toolResultBody(result: ToolResultMessage, ctx?: MarkdownContext): { hea
 	) {
 		const heading =
 			result.toolName === "quiz"
-				? "Quiz"
+				? t("Quiz")
 				: result.toolName === "probe"
-					? "Probe"
+					? t("Probe")
 					: result.toolName === "recall"
-						? "Recall"
-						: "Recall check"; // explain — the teach free-recall name
-		const question = typeof out?.questionText === "string" && out.questionText ? out.questionText : "(no question text)";
-		const body = [`**Q:** ${question}`];
-		if (out?.dismissed === true) body.push("The learner skipped this check.");
-		else if (out?.dontKnow === true) body.push("The learner did not know.");
-		else if (out?.correct === true) body.push("The learner answered correctly.");
-		else if (out?.correct === false) body.push("The learner answered incorrectly.");
-		else if (typeof out?.text === "string" && out.text.trim()) body.push(`The learner answered in his own words: ${out.text.trim()}`);
-		if (typeof out?.note === "string" && out.note) body.push(`*(his thinking: ${out.note})*`);
+						? t("Recall")
+						: t("Recall check"); // explain — the teach free-recall name
+		const question = typeof out?.questionText === "string" && out.questionText ? out.questionText : t("(no question text)");
+		const body = [`**${t("Q:")}** ${question}`];
+		if (out?.dismissed === true) body.push(t("The learner skipped this check."));
+		else if (out?.dontKnow === true) body.push(t("The learner did not know."));
+		else if (out?.correct === true) body.push(t("The learner answered correctly."));
+		else if (out?.correct === false) body.push(t("The learner answered incorrectly."));
+		else if (typeof out?.text === "string" && out.text.trim()) body.push(t("The learner answered in his own words: {answer}", { answer: out.text.trim() }));
+		if (typeof out?.note === "string" && out.note) body.push(`*(${t("his thinking: {thinking}", { thinking: out.note })})*`);
 		return { heading, body };
 	}
 
 	if (ctx !== undefined && result.toolName === PRACTICE_PROBLEM_TOOL) {
 		const statement = ctx.calls.get(result.toolCallId)?.args?.statement;
 		return {
-			heading: "Problem",
-			body: [typeof statement === "string" && statement.trim() ? statement.trim() : "(no statement)"],
+			heading: t("Problem"),
+			body: [typeof statement === "string" && statement.trim() ? statement.trim() : t("(no statement)")],
 		};
 	}
 
@@ -127,33 +129,33 @@ function toolResultBody(result: ToolResultMessage, ctx?: MarkdownContext): { hea
 		const args = ctx.calls.get(result.toolCallId)?.args;
 		const outcome = typeof args?.outcome === "string" && args.outcome.trim() ? args.outcome.trim() : "";
 		const verdict = typeof args?.verdict === "string" && args.verdict.trim() ? args.verdict.trim() : undefined;
-		if (outcome === "dismissed") return { heading: "Concluded", body: ["The learner skipped this problem."] };
-		const label = outcome !== "" ? `**${outcomeLabel(outcome)}.**` : "**Concluded.**";
+		if (outcome === "dismissed") return { heading: t("Concluded"), body: [t("The learner skipped this problem.")] };
+		const label = outcome !== "" ? `**${t(outcomeLabel(outcome))}.**` : `**${t("Concluded")}.**`;
 		const body = [verdict !== undefined ? `${label} ${verdict}` : label];
 		// The reveal (owner round, 2026-10-05): the solution committed at
 		// pose time — the newest cleanly-posed problem before this conclude.
 		const input = problemInputForConclude(ctx.messages, result.toolCallId);
 		const solution = typeof input?.modelSolution === "string" && input.modelSolution.trim() ? input.modelSolution.trim() : undefined;
-		if (solution !== undefined) body.push(`> **Model solution**\n>\n> ${solution.replace(/\n/g, "\n> ")}`);
-		return { heading: "Concluded", body };
+		if (solution !== undefined) body.push(`> **${t("Model solution")}**\n>\n> ${solution.replace(/\n/g, "\n> ")}`);
+		return { heading: t("Concluded"), body };
 	}
 
 	if (result.toolName === "ask_user_question") {
-		const question = typeof out?.questionText === "string" && out.questionText ? out.questionText : "(no question text)";
-		const body = [`**Q:** ${question}`];
+		const question = typeof out?.questionText === "string" && out.questionText ? out.questionText : t("(no question text)");
+		const body = [`**${t("Q:")}** ${question}`];
 		const chosen = [
 			...(Array.isArray(out?.answers) ? out!.answers! : []),
 			...(typeof out?.other === "string" && out.other.trim() ? [out.other.trim()] : []),
 		];
-		if (typeof out?.text === "string" && out.text.trim()) body.push(`The learner answered: ${out.text.trim()}`);
-		else if (chosen.length > 0) body.push(`The learner chose: ${chosen.join(", ")}`);
-		else if (out?.dismissed === true) body.push("The learner skipped this question.");
-		if (typeof out?.note === "string" && out.note) body.push(`*(his thinking: ${out.note})*`);
-		return { heading: "Question", body };
+		if (typeof out?.text === "string" && out.text.trim()) body.push(t("The learner answered: {answer}", { answer: out.text.trim() }));
+		else if (chosen.length > 0) body.push(t("The learner chose: {answer}", { answer: chosen.join(", ") }));
+		else if (out?.dismissed === true) body.push(t("The learner skipped this question."));
+		if (typeof out?.note === "string" && out.note) body.push(`*(${t("his thinking: {thinking}", { thinking: out.note })})*`);
+		return { heading: t("Question"), body };
 	}
 
 	// Parity with the line builder: other clean tool results are one line.
-	return { heading: "Tool", body: [`*${result.toolName} result delivered*`] };
+	return { heading: t("Tool"), body: [`*${t("{tool} result delivered", { tool: result.toolName })}*`] };
 }
 
 /**
@@ -166,23 +168,25 @@ export function messageMarkdown(
 	mid: string,
 	anchors = true,
 	ctx?: MarkdownContext,
+	language: Language = "en",
 ): string | null {
+	const t = translator(language);
 	const role = (message as { role?: string }).role;
 	const anchor = anchors ? ` · ${mid}` : "";
 	const parts: string[] = [];
 
 	if (role === "user") {
 		for (const text of textOf((message as { content: unknown }).content)) {
-			parts.push(`### Learner${anchor}\n\n${text.trim()}`);
+			parts.push(`### ${t("Learner")}${anchor}\n\n${text.trim()}`);
 		}
 	} else if (role === "assistant") {
 		for (const text of textOf((message as { content: unknown }).content)) {
-			parts.push(`### Teacher${anchor}\n\n${text.trim()}`);
+			parts.push(`### ${t("Teacher")}${anchor}\n\n${text.trim()}`);
 		}
 	} else if (role === "toolResult") {
 		const result = message as ToolResultMessage;
 		if (result.isError) return null; // retry context, not learning evidence
-		const { heading, body } = toolResultBody(result, ctx);
+		const { heading, body } = toolResultBody(result, ctx, language);
 		parts.push(`### ${heading}${anchor}\n\n${body.join("\n\n")}`);
 	}
 
@@ -198,13 +202,13 @@ export function messageMarkdown(
  */
 export function sessionMarkdown(
 	messages: ReadonlyArray<LhMessage>,
-	opts: { title?: string; anchors?: boolean } = {},
+	opts: { title?: string; anchors?: boolean; language?: Language } = {},
 ): string {
 	const blocks: string[] = [];
 	if (opts.title !== undefined && opts.title.length > 0) blocks.push(`# ${opts.title}`);
 	const ctx = markdownContext(messages);
 	for (const message of messages) {
-		const block = messageMarkdown(message, (message as { id?: string }).id ?? "", opts.anchors ?? true, ctx);
+		const block = messageMarkdown(message, (message as { id?: string }).id ?? "", opts.anchors ?? true, ctx, opts.language);
 		if (block !== null) blocks.push(block);
 	}
 	return blocks.join("\n\n");

src/core/settings-resolution.ts

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ export type EffectiveAppearance = FactorySettings["appearance"];
 
 /** The concrete view: every knob resolved, no absent fields. */
 export interface EffectiveSettings {
-	general: Required<GeneralSettings>;
+	general: GeneralSettings & { autoUpdate: boolean };
 	agent: {
 		models: Record<BackgroundModelRole, EffectiveModelSpec | undefined>;
 		/** Delta map as stored — consumers resolve absent key → enabled. */
@@ -175,6 +175,8 @@ export function resolveSettings(record: UserSettings | null): EffectiveSettings
 	return {
 		general: {
 			autoUpdate: record?.general?.autoUpdate ?? FACTORY_SETTINGS.general.autoUpdate,
+			...(record?.general?.language ? { language: record.general.language } : {}),
+			...(record?.general?.sttLanguage ? { sttLanguage: record.general.sttLanguage } : {}),
 		},
 		agent: {
 			models,

src/core/settings.ts

@@ -233,6 +233,10 @@ export const ROLE_SLOT: Readonly<Record<ModelRole, ModelSlotName>> = {
 export interface GeneralSettings {
 	/** Auto-update the app (default ON). Mechanism ships in a later wave. */
 	autoUpdate?: boolean;
+	/** Absent = browser/system language (English for unsupported languages). */
+	language?: "en" | "ru";
+	/** Independent dictation language; absent = browser/system language. */
+	sttLanguage?: "en" | "ru";
 }
 
 /** Agent settings — everything about the non-conversation machinery. */
@@ -377,7 +381,7 @@ export interface UserSettings {
  *  prompts default off — hence their absence here. */
 export interface FactorySettings {
 	version: number;
-	general: Required<GeneralSettings>;
+	general: GeneralSettings & { autoUpdate: boolean };
 	appearance: {
 		mode: "dark" | "light";
 		background: string | null;
@@ -441,6 +445,9 @@ function sanitizeGeneral(raw: Record<string, unknown>): GeneralSettings {
 	const out: GeneralSettings = {};
 	const autoUpdate = boolOrDrop(raw.autoUpdate);
 	if (autoUpdate !== undefined) out.autoUpdate = autoUpdate;
+	for (const key of ["language", "sttLanguage"] as const) {
+		if (raw[key] === "en" || raw[key] === "ru") out[key] = raw[key];
+	}
 	return out;
 }
 

src/server/chat-handler.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { learningLanguageInstruction } from "../core/i18n.ts";
+import { applicationLanguage, chatLanguage } from "./language.ts";
 import type { Usage } from "@earendil-works/pi-ai";
 import {
 	createPracticeAgent,
@@ -80,6 +82,7 @@ import type {CallUsage, SteerMessage} from "../core/contracts.ts";
  */
 
 const jobRunner = createJobRunner({
+	languageForChat: chatLanguage,
 	chatStore: stores.chatStore,
 	jobStore: stores.jobStore,
 	deliver: deliverJobResult,
@@ -105,6 +108,7 @@ const jobRunner = createJobRunner({
  *  quiz-triggered session runs (turn-service) and notes imports
  *  (/api/graph/import) hit the same single-flight registry. */
 export const extraction = createExtractionPipeline({
+	languageForSource: (id) => chatLanguage(id),
 	...stores,
 	// BYOK (owner, 2026-09-22): the extraction stages resolve the chain —
 	// role override → slot → NOTHING — read FRESH per stage call; an empty
@@ -164,7 +168,7 @@ export async function handleChatRequest(
 		}
 		throw err;
 	}
-	return handleChatInput(chatId, input, buildAgent);
+	return handleChatInput(chatId, input, buildAgent, req.headers.get("accept-language"));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -176,6 +180,7 @@ export async function handleChatInput(
 	chatId: string,
 	input: TurnInput,
 	buildAgent?: (opts: AgentBuildOptions & { teaching: boolean }) => TeachingAgent,
+	browserLanguages?: string | null,
 ): Promise<Response> {
 	let record = stores.chatStore.getChat(chatId);
 	if (!record) {
@@ -191,6 +196,7 @@ export async function handleChatInput(
 	// write-ahead persist (nothing durable changes), and every downstream
 	// resolution (jobs/extraction gate per-need on their own tiers).
 	const effective = effectiveSettings();
+	const language = applicationLanguage(browserLanguages ?? record.language);
 	const conversation = resolveConversationSpec(record.settings, effective.models.strong);
 	if (!conversation) {
 		const envelope = modelsNotConfigured(["strong"]);
@@ -250,7 +256,7 @@ export async function handleChatInput(
 				effective.compaction?.thresholdTokens,
 				catalogContextLimits().get(modelIdForCompaction),
 			),
-			systemPromptTokens: Math.ceil(composeInstructions(record.kind === "practice" ? "practice" : "teacher").length / 4),
+			systemPromptTokens: Math.ceil((composeInstructions(record.kind === "practice" ? "practice" : "teacher").length + learningLanguageInstruction(language).length) / 4),
 		},
 		chatId,
 	);
@@ -312,6 +318,7 @@ export async function handleChatInput(
 	const stagedAutomatic = isSubscriptionProvider(conversation.provider) && input.type === "steers";
 	let persistBaseCount = stagedAutomatic ? record.messages.length : merged.length;
 	try {
+		stores.chatStore.saveLanguage?.(chatId, language);
 		if (!stagedAutomatic) stores.chatStore.saveMessages(chatId, merged);
 		// Dock fix (owner ruling 2026-09-26): persisted markers are visible
 		// in the record — flip their jobs now (the wake's steers ride this
@@ -374,6 +381,7 @@ export async function handleChatInput(
 		restoreAutomatic: (automaticIds, retainedIds) => restoreUncommittedAutomatic(chatId, constructed, automaticIds, retainedIds),
 	});
 	const agentOpts: AgentBuildOptions = {
+		language,
 		engine,
 		callPurpose,
 		requestCycle,
@@ -579,7 +587,7 @@ export async function handleChatInput(
 								fresh.compaction?.thresholdTokens,
 								catalogContextLimits().get(kickModelId),
 							),
-							systemPromptTokens: Math.ceil(composeInstructions(freshRecord.kind === "practice" ? "practice" : "teacher").length / 4),
+							systemPromptTokens: Math.ceil((composeInstructions(freshRecord.kind === "practice" ? "practice" : "teacher").length + learningLanguageInstruction(chatLanguage(chatId)).length) / 4),
 						};
 					}, chatId);
 			},

src/server/index.ts

@@ -44,3 +44,5 @@ export { runPiTurn, piTurnResponse, type PiTurnHandle, type PiTurnSpec } from ".
 export * from "./observability.ts";
 export * from "./model-catalog.ts";
 export { sessionCost } from "./pricing.ts";
+
+export { applicationLanguage, chatLanguage } from "./language.ts";

src/server/language.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { resolveLanguage, type Language } from "../core/i18n.ts";
+import { stores } from "./stores.ts";
+/** Explicit app preference wins; automatic follow-ups retain the foreground browser's language. */
+export function applicationLanguage(system?: string | null): Language {
+	return resolveLanguage(stores.settingsStore.readSettings()?.general?.language, system ?? process.env.LH_SYSTEM_LANGUAGE ?? Intl.DateTimeFormat().resolvedOptions().locale);
+}
+export function chatLanguage(chatId: string): Language {
+	return applicationLanguage(stores.chatStore.getChat(chatId)?.language);
+}

src/server/settings-body.ts

@@ -86,6 +86,12 @@ export function parseGeneralSettingsBody(body: unknown): SettingsBodyResult<Gene
 		}
 		settings.autoUpdate = raw.autoUpdate;
 	}
+	for (const key of ["language", "sttLanguage"] as const) {
+		if (raw[key] !== undefined) {
+			if (raw[key] !== "en" && raw[key] !== "ru") return { ok: false, error: `${key} must be "en" or "ru"` };
+			settings[key] = raw[key];
+		}
+	}
 	return { ok: true, settings };
 }
 

src/store/chats.ts

@@ -205,7 +205,14 @@ function saveTree(id: string, tree: PlanTree): void {
 	writeChat(record);
 }
 
+function saveLanguage(id: string, language: "en" | "ru"): void {
+	const record = getChat(id);
+	if (!record || record.language === language) return;
+	writeChat({ ...record, language });
+}
+
 export const chatStore: ChatStore = {
+	saveLanguage,
 	createChat,
 	getChat,
 	listChats,

tests/desktop-platform.test.ts

@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ describe("desktop window chrome", () => {
 
 	it("preload exposes OS identity without exposing Node/Electron to the renderer", () => {
 		let bridge: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+		const sent: unknown[][] = [];
 		const context = {
 			process: { platform: "win32" },
 			require: () => ({
@@ -72,13 +73,15 @@ describe("desktop window chrome", () => {
 						bridge = api;
 					},
 				},
-				ipcRenderer: {},
+				ipcRenderer: { send: (...args: unknown[]) => sent.push(args) },
 			}),
 		};
 		runInNewContext(readFileSync(new URL("../electron/preload.cjs", import.meta.url), "utf8"), context);
 		assert.equal(bridge.platform, "win32");
+		(bridge.setLanguage as (language: string) => void)("ru");
+		assert.deepEqual(sent, [["lh:language", "ru"]]);
 		assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(bridge).sort(), [
-			"chatgpt", "expandWindow", "getZoom", "installUpdate", "onUpdateStatus", "onZoom", "platform", "subscriptions",
+			"chatgpt", "expandWindow", "getZoom", "installUpdate", "onUpdateStatus", "onZoom", "platform", "setLanguage", "subscriptions",
 		]);
 		assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(bridge.subscriptions as object).sort(), ["cancel", "consent", "disconnect", "login", "onChange", "open", "respond", "retry", "status"]);
 	});

tests/i18n.test.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import { describe, it } from "node:test";
+import { createElement } from "react";
+import { renderToStaticMarkup } from "react-dom/server";
+import { createFauxCore } from "@earendil-works/pi-ai";
+import { createTeacherAgent } from "../src/agent/teacher-agent.ts";
+import { createPracticeAgent } from "../src/agent/teacher-agent.ts";
+import { sanitizeUserSettings } from "../src/core/settings.ts";
+import { parseGeneralSettingsBody } from "../src/server/settings-body.ts";
+import { countLabel, dictationUrl, resolveLanguage, systemLanguage, translate } from "../src/core/i18n.ts";
+import { sessionMarkdown } from "../src/core/session-markdown.ts";
+import type { LhMessage } from "../src/core/native-messages.ts";
+import { I18nProvider, LanguageSelect } from "../components/i18n.tsx";
+import { KnowledgeSummary } from "../components/minimal-home.tsx";
+import { AbortTurnBody } from "../components/abort-turn-dialog.tsx";
+import en from "../src/core/locales/en.json";
+import ru from "../src/core/locales/ru.json";
+import { createRequire } from "node:module";
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+const native = require("../electron/language.cjs");
+
+describe("language preferences", () => {
+	it("uses the preferred browser/system language and English for unsupported languages", () => {
+		assert.equal(systemLanguage("ru-RU,ru;q=0.9,en;q=0.8"), "ru");
+		assert.equal(systemLanguage("en;q=0.4,ru;q=0.9"), "ru");
+		assert.equal(systemLanguage("ru;q=0,en;q=1"), "en");
+		assert.equal(systemLanguage(["de-DE", "ru"]), "en");
+		assert.equal(systemLanguage(undefined), "en");
+		assert.equal(resolveLanguage("en", "ru-RU"), "en");
+		assert.equal(resolveLanguage("ru", "en-US"), "ru");
+	});
+	it("validates both independent preferences without changing existing general options", () => {
+		const general = { autoUpdate: false, language: "ru", sttLanguage: "en" };
+		assert.deepEqual(parseGeneralSettingsBody(general), { ok: true, settings: general });
+		assert.deepEqual(sanitizeUserSettings({ version: 1, general })?.general, general);
+		assert.deepEqual(parseGeneralSettingsBody({}), { ok: true, settings: {} });
+		assert.equal(parseGeneralSettingsBody({ language: "auto" }).ok, false);
+		assert.equal(parseGeneralSettingsBody({ sttLanguage: "fr" }).ok, false);
+		assert.deepEqual(sanitizeUserSettings({ version: 1, general: { language: null, sttLanguage: "fr", autoUpdate: false } })?.general, { autoUpdate: false });
+	});
+	it("pins an explicit supported language in the STT provider request", () => {
+		for (const language of ["en", "ru"] as const) {
+			const url = new URL(dictationUrl(language));
+			assert.equal(url.protocol, "wss:");
+			assert.equal(url.hostname, "api.deepgram.com");
+			assert.equal(url.searchParams.get("language"), language);
+			assert.equal(url.searchParams.get("model"), "nova-3");
+			assert.equal(url.searchParams.get("encoding"), "linear16");
+			assert.equal(url.searchParams.get("sample_rate"), "16000");
+		}
+	});
+});
+
+describe("translation quality and rendering", () => {
+	it("keeps catalogs complete and parameter names valid", () => {
+		assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(en).sort(), Object.keys(ru).sort());
+		for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(ru)) {
+			const variants = typeof value === "string" ? [value] : Object.values(value);
+			assert(variants.length > 0, key);
+			for (const text of variants) {
+				assert(text.trim(), key);
+				for (const placeholder of text.matchAll(/\{(\w+)\}/g)) assert(key.includes(placeholder[0]), `${key}: unexpected ${placeholder[0]}`);
+			}
+		}
+	});
+	it("uses Russian plural forms including 11 and 21 while retaining English wording", () => {
+		for (const [count, expected] of [[1, "1 утверждение"], [2, "2 утверждения"], [5, "5 утверждений"], [11, "11 утверждений"], [21, "21 утверждение"], [22, "22 утверждения"], [25, "25 утверждений"]] as const) {
+			assert.equal(countLabel("ru", count, "proposition", "propositions"), expected);
+		}
+		assert.equal(countLabel("en", 1, "proposition", "propositions"), "1 proposition");
+		assert.equal(countLabel("en", 5, "proposition", "propositions"), "5 propositions");
+		assert.equal(translate("en", "· read {count} pages", { count: 1 }), "· read 1 page");
+	});
+	it("localizes canonical protocol errors without changing provider diagnostics or parameters", () => {
+		assert.equal(translate("ru", "No OpenAI key is set — add one in Settings → Keys"), "Ключ OpenAI не задан — добавьте его в разделе Настройки → Провайдеры");
+		assert.equal(translate("ru", "Save failed (503)"), "Не удалось сохранить (503)");
+		assert.equal(translate("ru", JSON.stringify({ error: "Unknown chat" })), "Занятие не найдено");
+		assert.equal(translate("ru", "Provider diagnostic 9f1c"), "Provider diagnostic 9f1c");
+		assert.equal(translate("ru", "Select node {v0}", { v0: "English <title>" }), "Выбрать узел «English <title>»");
+	});
+	it("renders Russian and English concurrently without a shared mutable locale", () => {
+		const summary = createElement(KnowledgeSummary, { propositions: 22, chains: 5, teachSessions: 1, practiceSessions: 2, importedNotes: 11 });
+		const russian = renderToStaticMarkup(<I18nProvider system="ru">{summary}</I18nProvider>);
+		const english = renderToStaticMarkup(<I18nProvider system="en">{summary}</I18nProvider>);
+		assert(russian.includes("22 утверждения"));
+		assert(russian.includes("11 импортированных заметок"));
+		assert(english.includes("22 propositions"));
+		assert(!english.includes("утверждения"));
+	});
+	it("offers independent saved language choices with localized accessible labels", () => {
+		const html = renderToStaticMarkup(<I18nProvider initialGeneral={{ language: "ru", sttLanguage: "en" }}><LanguageSelect field="sttLanguage" /></I18nProvider>);
+		assert(html.includes('aria-label="Язык распознавания речи"'));
+		assert(html.includes('value="en" selected=""'));
+		assert(html.includes("Язык системы"));
+		assert(html.includes("English"));
+		assert(html.includes("Русский"));
+	});
+	it("translates dialog text and accessibility labels", () => {
+		const html = renderToStaticMarkup(<I18nProvider system="ru"><AbortTurnBody mode="turn" onClose={() => {}} onConfirm={() => {}} /></I18nProvider>);
+		assert(html.includes('aria-label="Прервать ответ?"'));
+		assert(html.includes("Частичный ответ останется в истории занятия."));
+		assert(!html.includes("Abort this turn?"));
+	});
+	it("exports Russian headings and feedback while preserving authored content", () => {
+		const messages: LhMessage[] = [
+			{ role: "user", id: "u", content: "Original English text", timestamp: 1 },
+			{ role: "toolResult", id: "t", toolName: "quiz", toolCallId: "q", content: [], details: { questionText: "Original question", correct: true }, timestamp: 2, isError: false },
+		] as LhMessage[];
+		const markdown = sessionMarkdown(messages, { anchors: false, language: "ru" });
+		assert(markdown.includes("### Учащийся"));
+		assert(markdown.includes("Original English text"));
+		assert(markdown.includes("Original question"));
+		assert(markdown.includes("Учащийся ответил верно."));
+	});
+	it("supplies language instructions to rebuilt teaching and practice agents", () => {
+		const faux = createFauxCore({});
+		const engine = { model: faux.getModel(), streamFn: faux.streamSimple };
+		const teacher = createTeacherAgent(undefined, { engine, tools: {}, language: "ru" });
+		assert(teacher.state.systemPrompt.includes("LANGUAGE: Use Russian"));
+		assert(teacher.state.systemPrompt.includes("interactive demos"));
+		// An explicit tool registry avoids IO: this checks the actual agent composition seam.
+		const practice = createPracticeAgent({} as never, { engine, tools: {}, language: "en" });
+		assert(practice.state.systemPrompt.includes("LANGUAGE: Use English"));
+	});
+	it("localizes native desktop controls and uses the same automatic fallback", () => {
+		assert.equal(native.resolveLanguage(undefined, ["ru-RU"]), "ru");
+		assert.equal(native.resolveLanguage(undefined, ["fr-FR"]), "en");
+		assert.equal(native.resolveLanguage("en", ["ru-RU"]), "en");
+		assert.equal(native.translate("ru", "Check for Updates…"), "Проверить обновления…");
+		assert.equal(native.translate("ru", "LearnHarness {version} is the latest version.", { version: "0.3.7" }), "LearnHarness 0.3.7 — последняя версия.");
+	});
+});

tests/server-title-guard.test.ts

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ async function serverLaunch(platform: string) {
 	const child = Object.assign(new EventEmitter(), { stdout: new EventEmitter(), stderr: new EventEmitter() });
 	const context = {
 		require: (id: string) => id === "electron" ? {
-			app: { setName() {}, requestSingleInstanceLock: () => false, quit() {}, getPath: () => "/fixture/user-data" },
+			app: { setName() {}, requestSingleInstanceLock: () => false, quit() {}, getPreferredSystemLanguages: () => ["ru-RU"], getPath: () => "/fixture/user-data" },
 		} : id === "node:child_process" ? {
 			spawn(binary: string, args: string[], options: typeof launch.options) {
 				launch = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify({ binary, args, options }));
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ describe("backend-only preload wiring and packaging", () => {
 			assert.equal(launch.options.env.PORT, "54321");
 			assert.equal(launch.options.env.HOSTNAME, "127.0.0.1");
 			assert.equal(launch.options.env.FIXTURE, "kept");
+			assert.equal(launch.options.env.LH_SYSTEM_LANGUAGE, "ru-RU");
 			assert.deepEqual(launch.options.stdio, ["ignore", "pipe", "pipe", "ipc"]);
 		});
 	}